<p><strong>Every single website uses HTML</strong>&nbsp;- even this very course landing page! It&rsquo;s an absolutely fundamental tool that every web developer uses daily, and it also happens to be very easy (and even fun) to learn. HTML is the language that provides all the content on a webpage: the text, images, links, forms, videos, and more! Learning HTML is the first step in any web development journey, and this course teaches you all the HTML you need to know.</p>
<p>This course starts at the very beginning and covers all the essential HTML elements and tags. You&rsquo;ll learn how to work with text elements, links, images, audio, video, tables, forms, and semantic elements. By the end of the course you&rsquo;ll be an HTML master.&nbsp;<strong>And the best part? The whole course can be completed in a single day!</strong></p>
<p><strong>Hands On Learning</strong></p>
<p>This course is structured like an in-person course. You get a chance to practice what you&rsquo;re learning in every section with exercises, activities, and small projects. Instead of just watching me code, you&rsquo;ll write your own HTML code and websites. I&rsquo;ve spent years figuring out how to create compelling online courses, and I feel this is my best one yet!</p>
<p>You'll learn about dozens of HTML elements, including:</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>paragraphs</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>headings</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>semantic elements (nav, header, footer, etc.)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>anchor elements</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>images</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>table elements</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>forms</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>buttons</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>labels</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>text areas</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>selects and options</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>audio</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>video</p>
</li>
</ul>

<h2>Intro</h2>
<p>HTML and CSS are the essential building block of a webpage.</p>
<p>This is a beginner friendly course where we will learn the basic concepts from scratch. In the end of this course you will have a through understanding of HTML5 and CSS3 and would be able to create you own projects.</p>
<p>You may also get a certificate of complition when you complete the course.</p>
<h3>Introduction to HTML</h3>
<p>HTML is the standard markup language for Web pages.</p>
<p>With HTML you can create your own Website.</p>
<p>HTML is easy to learn - You will enjoy it!</p>
<h3>Introduction to CSS</h3>
<p>CSS is the language we use to style an HTML document.</p>
<p>CSS describes how HTML elements should be displayed.</p>
<p>This tutorial will teach you CSS from basic to advanced.</p>

Introduction to HTML5 & CSS3

Introduction

<h2>What is HTML?</h2>
<ul>
<li>HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language</li>
<li>HTML is the standard markup language for creating Web pages</li>
<li>HTML describes the structure of a Web page</li>
<li>HTML consists of a series of elements</li>
<li>HTML elements tell the browser how to display the content</li>
<li>HTML elements label pieces of content such as "this is a heading", "this is a paragraph", "this is a link", etc</li>
</ul>
<h3>Basic example of HTML&nbsp;</h3>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
&lt;title&gt;Page Title&lt;/title&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;My First Heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My first paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
<h3>Example Explained</h3>
<ul>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</code>&nbsp;declaration defines that this document is an HTML5 document</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;html&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is the root element of an HTML page</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;head&gt;</code>&nbsp;element contains meta information about the HTML page</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;title&gt;</code>&nbsp;element specifies a title for the HTML page (which is shown in the browser's title bar or in the page's tab)</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;body&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines the document's body, and is a container for all the visible contents, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, tables, lists, etc.</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;h1&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines a large heading</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines a paragraph</li>
</ul>
<p>We can understand more in the upcoming lectures</p>

<p class="intro">An HTML element is defined by a start tag, some content, and an end tag.</p>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<strong>element</strong>&nbsp;is everything from the start tag to the end tag:</p>
<div><code><span class="spes_tagname"><span class="spes_tag">&lt;</span><strong>tagname</strong><span class="spes_tag">&gt;</span></span>Content goes here...<span class="spes_tagname"><span class="spes_tag">&lt;</span>/<strong>tagname</strong><span class="spes_tag">&gt;</span></span></code></div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>The tagname are not case sensetive. <code>&lt;HEAD&gt;&lt;/HEAD&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;head&gt;&lt;/head&gt;</code> both are correct.</div>
<div>We will be using W3C standard and using lowercase.</div>
<div>&nbsp;</div>
<div>The tagname can be any allowed HTML tags. Some of the common tags are described below:</div>
<div>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;My First Heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My first paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;a href="https://www.google.com"&gt;This is a link&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;img src="logo.jpg" alt="Google's Logo" width="104" height="142"&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
<div>
<h2>HTML Documents</h2>
<p>All HTML documents must start with a document type declaration:&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</code>.</p>
<p>The HTML document itself begins with&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;html&gt;</code>&nbsp;and ends with&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;/html&gt;</code>.</p>
<p>The visible part of the HTML document is between&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;body&gt;</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;/body&gt;</code></p>
<h2>The &lt;!DOCTYPE&gt; Declaration</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;!DOCTYPE&gt;</code>&nbsp;declaration represents the document type, and helps browsers to display web pages correctly.</p>
<p>It must only appear once, at the top of the page (before any HTML tags).</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;!DOCTYPE&gt;</code>&nbsp;declaration is not case sensitive.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;!DOCTYPE&gt;</code>&nbsp;declaration for HTML5 is:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>HTML Headings</h2>
<p>HTML headings are defined with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;h1&gt;</code>&nbsp;to&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;h6&gt;</code>&nbsp;tags.</p>
<p><code class="w3-codespan">&lt;h1&gt;</code>&nbsp;defines the most important heading.&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;h6&gt;</code>&nbsp;defines the least important heading:&nbsp;</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;h1&gt;This is heading 1&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h2&gt;This is heading 2&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;h3&gt;This is heading 2&lt;/h3&gt;
&lt;h4&gt;This is heading 2&lt;/h4&gt;
&lt;h5&gt;This is heading 2&lt;/h5&gt;
&lt;h6&gt;This is heading 3&lt;/h6&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>HTML Paragraphs</h2>
<p>HTML paragraphs are defined with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is another paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>HTML Links</h2>
<p>HTML links are defined with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;a&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;a href="https://www.google.com"&gt;This is a link&lt;/a&gt;
</code></pre>
<p>The link is used to navigate between different pages.</p>
<p>The link's destination is specified in the <code class="w3-codespan">href</code>&nbsp;attribute.&nbsp;</p>
<p>Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.</p>
<p>You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.</p>
<h2>HTML Images</h2>
<p>HTML images are defined with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;img&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag.</p>
<p>The source file (<code class="w3-codespan">src</code>), alternative text (<code class="w3-codespan">alt</code>),&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>, and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">height</code>&nbsp;are provided as attributes:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;img src="logo.jpg" alt="Google's Logo" width="104" height="142"&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Nested HTML Elements</h2>
<p>HTML elements can be nested (this means that elements can contain other elements).</p>
<p>All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.</p>
<p>The following example contains four HTML elements (<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;html&gt;</code>,&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;body&gt;</code>,&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;h1&gt;</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code>):</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;My First Heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;My first paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
<h4>Explanation</h4>
<p>The <code class="w3-codespan">&lt;html&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is the root element and it defines the whole HTML document.</p>
<p>It has a start tag&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;html&gt;</code>&nbsp;and an end tag&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;/html&gt;</code>.</p>
<p>Then, inside the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;html&gt;</code>&nbsp;element there is a&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;body&gt;</code> element.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;body&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines the document's body.</p>
<p>It has a start tag&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;body&gt;</code>&nbsp;and an end tag&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;/body&gt;</code>.</p>
<p>Then, inside the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;body&gt;</code>&nbsp;element there are two other elements:&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;h1&gt;</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code></p>
<h2>Never Forget the closing tag</h2>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;h1&gt;This is a paragraph
&lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph
</code></pre>
<p>You should never foget your closing tags. It will work even when there are no closing tags but once your code base increases it might cause issues and difficulty in debugging.</p>
<h2>Empty Elements</h2>
<p>Some element doesn't have a closing tags and content. These elements are called a empty elements or self closing tags.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;p&gt;This is a &lt;br&gt; paragraph with a line break.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>How to View HTML Source</h2>
<p>Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"</p>
<h3>View HTML Source Code:</h3>
<p>Right-click in an HTML page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View Source" (in Edge), or similar in other browsers. This will open a window containing the HTML source code of the page.</p>
<h3>Inspect an HTML Element:</h3>
<p>Right-click on an element (or a blank area), and choose "Inspect" or "Inspect Element" to see what elements are made up of (you will see both the HTML and the CSS). You can also edit the HTML or CSS on-the-fly in the Elements or Styles panel that opens.</p>
<p><strong>NOTE:&nbsp;</strong>If you don't get it don't worry i will try to make a video tutorial as soon as possible</p>
</div>

HTML Elements

<p>HTML attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.</p>
<ul>
<li>All HTML elements can have&nbsp;<strong>attributes</strong></li>
<li>Attributes provide&nbsp;<strong>additional information</strong>&nbsp;about elements</li>
<li>Attributes are always specified in&nbsp;<strong>the start tag</strong></li>
<li>Attributes usually come in name/value pairs like:&nbsp;<strong>name="value"</strong></li>
</ul>
<h2>The href Attributes</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;a&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag defines a hyperlink. The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">href</code>&nbsp;attribute specifies the URL of the page the link goes to:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;a href="https://www.biprashgautam.com.np"&gt;Biprash Portfolio&lt;/a&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>The src and alt Attribute</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;img&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag is used to embed an image in an HTML page. The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">src</code>&nbsp;attribute specifies the path to the image to be displayed:</p>
<p>The required&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">alt</code>&nbsp;attribute for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;img&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag specifies an alternate text for an image, if the image for some reason cannot be displayed. This can be due to a slow connection, or an error in the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">src</code> attribute, or if the user uses a screen reader.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;img src="logo.png" alt="Biprash Logo"&gt;</code></pre>
<p>There are two ways to specify the URL in the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">src</code>&nbsp;attribute:</p>
<p><strong>1. Absolute URL</strong>&nbsp;- Links to an external image that is hosted on another website. Example:&nbsp;src="https://www.w3schools.com/images/img_girl.jpg".</p>
<p><strong>Notes:</strong>&nbsp;External images might be under copyright. If you do not get permission to use it, you may be in violation of copyright laws. In addition, you cannot control external images; it can suddenly be removed or changed.</p>
<p><strong>2. Relative URL</strong>&nbsp;- Links to an image that is hosted within the website. Here, the URL does not include the domain name. If the URL begins without a slash, it will be relative to the current page. Example: src="img_girl.jpg". If the URL begins with a slash, it will be relative to the domain. Example: src="/images/img_girl.jpg".</p>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;It is almost always best to use relative URLs. They will not break if you change domain.</p>
<h2>The width and height Attributes</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;img&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag should also contain the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">height</code> attributes, which specify the width and height of the image (in pixels):</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;img src="img_girl.jpg" width="500" height="600"&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>The style Attribute</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">style</code>&nbsp;attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;p style="color:red;"&gt;This is a red paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

HTML Attributes

<p class="intro">The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">style</code>&nbsp;attribute is used to add styles to an element, such as color, font, size, and more.</p>
<h2>The HTML Style Attribute</h2>
<p>Setting the style of an HTML element, can be done with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">style</code>&nbsp;attribute.</p>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">style</code>&nbsp;attribute has the following syntax:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;tagname style="property:value;"&gt;</code></pre>
<p>The&nbsp;<em><strong>property</strong></em>&nbsp;is a CSS property. The&nbsp;<em><strong>value</strong></em>&nbsp;is a CSS value.</p>
<div class="w3-note w3-panel">
<h2>Style Properties</h2>
<p>There are multiple style properties. We will discuss some of the popular properties in this post.</p>
<h3>Text Color</h3>
<p>The CSS&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">color</code>&nbsp;property defines the text color for an HTML element:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;h1 style="color:blue;"&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p style="color:red;"&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Background Color</h2>
<p>The CSS&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background-color</code>&nbsp;property defines the background color for an HTML element.</p>
<p>Set the background color for a page to powderblue:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;body style="background-color:powderblue;"&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Fonts</h2>
<p>The CSS&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">font-family</code>&nbsp;property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;h1 style="font-family:verdana;"&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p style="font-family:courier;"&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Text Size</h2>
<p>The CSS&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">font-size</code>&nbsp;property defines the text size for an HTML element:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;h1 style="font-size:300%;"&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p style="font-size:160%;"&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>HTML Comment Tag</h2>
<p>HTML comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help document your HTML source code.</p>
<p>You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!-- This is a comment --&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;!-- Remember to add more information here --&gt;</code></pre>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML source code.</p>
<div class="w3-example">&nbsp;</div>
</div>

HTML Styles

<p class="intro">HTML contains several elements for defining text with a special meaning.</p>
<h2>HTML Formatting Elements</h2>
<p>Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">&lt;b&gt;</code>&nbsp;- Bold text</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">&lt;strong&gt;</code>&nbsp;- Important text</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">&lt;i&gt;</code>&nbsp;- Italic text</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">&lt;em&gt;</code>&nbsp;- Emphasized text</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">&lt;mark&gt;</code>&nbsp;- Marked text</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">&lt;small&gt;</code>&nbsp;- Smaller text</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">&lt;del&gt;</code>&nbsp;- Deleted text</li>
</ul>
<h2>HTML &lt;b&gt; and &lt;strong&gt; Elements</h2>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;b&gt;</code> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.</p>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;strong&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines text with strong importance. The content inside is typically displayed in bold.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;b&gt;This text is bold&lt;/b&gt;
&lt;strong&gt;This text is important!&lt;/strong&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>HTML &lt;i&gt; and &lt;em&gt; Elements</h2>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;i&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines a part of text in an alternate voice or mood. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.</p>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;i&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag is often used to indicate a technical term, a phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, etc.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;i&gt;This text is italic&lt;/i&gt;</code></pre>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;em&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines emphasized text. The content inside is typically displayed in italic.</p>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;A screen reader will pronounce the words in&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;em&gt;</code>&nbsp;with an emphasis, using verbal stress.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;em&gt;This text is emphasized&lt;/em&gt;</code></pre>
<div class="w3-example">
<h2>HTML &lt;small&gt; Element</h2>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;small&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines smaller text:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;small&gt;This is some smaller text.&lt;/small&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>HTML &lt;mark&gt; Element</h2>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;mark&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines text that should be marked or highlighted:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;p&gt;Do not forget to buy &lt;mark&gt;milk&lt;/mark&gt; today.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>HTML &lt;del&gt; Element</h2>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;del&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines text that has been deleted from a document. Browsers will usually strike a line through deleted text:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;p&gt;My favorite color is &lt;del&gt;blue&lt;/del&gt; red.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>HTML Block and Inline Elements</h2>
<p class="intro">Every HTML element has a default display value, depending on what type of element it is.</p>
<p class="intro">There are two display values: block and inline.</p>
<h2>Block-level Elements</h2>
<p>A block-level element always starts on a new line, and the browsers automatically add some space (a margin) before and after the element.</p>
<p>A block-level element always takes up the full width available (stretches out to the left and right as far as it can).</p>
<p>Two commonly used block elements are:&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;div&gt;</code>.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;p&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines a paragraph in an HTML document.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;div&gt;</code>&nbsp;element defines a division or a section in an HTML document.</p>
<p class="w3-theme-border">The &lt;p&gt; element is a block-level element.</p>
<div class="w3-theme-border">The &lt;div&gt; element is a block-level element.</div>
</div>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;p&gt;Hello World&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;div&gt;Hello World&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
<p>Here are the block-level elements in HTML:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;address&gt; &lt;article&gt; &lt;aside&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;canvas&gt; &lt;div&gt; &lt;footer&gt; &lt;form&gt; &lt;h1&gt;-&lt;h6&gt; &lt;header&gt; &lt;hr&gt; &lt;li&gt; &lt;main&gt; &lt;nav&gt; &lt;noscript&gt; &lt;ol&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;pre&gt; &lt;section&gt; &lt;table&gt; &lt;tfoot&gt; &lt;ul&gt; &lt;video&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Inline Elements</h2>
<p>An inline element does not start on a new line.</p>
<p>An inline element only takes up as much width as necessary.</p>
<p>This is&nbsp;<span class="w3-theme-border">a &lt;span&gt; element inside</span>&nbsp;a paragraph.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;span&gt;Hello World&lt;/span&gt;</code></pre>
<p>Here are the inline elements in HTML:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;a&gt; &lt;b&gt; &lt;br&gt; &lt;button&gt; &lt;code&gt; &lt;em&gt; &lt;i&gt; &lt;img&gt; &lt;input&gt; &lt;label&gt; &lt;script&gt; &lt;select&gt; &lt;small&gt; &lt;span&gt; &lt;strong&gt; &lt;textarea&gt;</code></pre>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;An inline element cannot contain a block-level element!</p>
<h2>The &lt;div&gt; Element</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;div&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is often used as a container for other HTML elements.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;div&gt;</code>&nbsp;element has no required attributes, but&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">style</code>,&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">class</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">id</code>&nbsp;are common.</p>
<p>When used together with CSS, the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;div&gt;</code>&nbsp;element can be used to style blocks of content:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div style="background-color:black;color:white;padding:20px;"&gt;
  &lt;h2&gt;London&lt;/h2&gt;
  &lt;p&gt;London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>The &lt;span&gt; Element</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;span&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a text, or a part of a document.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;span&gt;</code>&nbsp;element has no required attributes, but&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">style</code>,&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">class</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">id</code>&nbsp;are common.</p>
<p>When used together with CSS, the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;span&gt;</code>&nbsp;element can be used to style parts of the text:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;p&gt;My mother has &lt;span style="color:blue;font-weight:bold;"&gt;blue&lt;/span&gt; eyes and my father has &lt;span style="color:darkolivegreen;font-weight:bold;"&gt;dark green&lt;/span&gt; eyes.&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Block and Inline Element Conclusion</h2>
<ul>
<li>There are two display values: block and inline</li>
<li>A block-level element always starts on a new line and takes up the full width available</li>
<li>An inline element does not start on a new line and it only takes up as much width as necessary</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;div&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is a block-level and is often used as a container for other HTML elements</li>
<li>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;span&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is an inline container used to mark up a part of a text, or a part of a document</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-row htmlHigh w3-code">
<div class="mylist">&nbsp;</div>
</div>

HTML Formatting

<p><span class="color_h1">HTML tables allow web developers to arrange data into rows and columns.</span></p>
<p>A table in HTML consists of table cells inside rows and columns.</p>
<p>Simple HTML Table:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;table&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;th&gt;Company&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;th&gt;Contact&lt;/th&gt;
    &lt;th&gt;Country&lt;/th&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Alfreds Futterkiste&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Maria Anders&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Germany&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
  &lt;tr&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Centro comercial Moctezuma&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Francisco Chang&lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;td&gt;Mexico&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Table Cells</h2>
<p>Each table cell is defined by a&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;td&gt;</code>&nbsp;and a&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;/td&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag.</p>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Hint:&nbsp;</strong><code class="w3-codespan">td</code>&nbsp;stands for table data.</p>
</div>
<p>Everything between&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;td&gt;</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;/td&gt;</code>&nbsp;are the content of the table cell.</p>
<div class="w3-example"><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;A table cell can contain all sorts of HTML elements: text, images, lists, links, other tables, etc.</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h2>Table Rows</h2>
<p>Each table row starts with a&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;tr&gt;</code>&nbsp;and ends with a&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;/tr&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag.</p>
<p><strong>Hint:&nbsp;</strong><code class="w3-codespan">tr</code>&nbsp;stands for table row.</p>
<h2>Table Headers</h2>
<p>Sometimes you want your cells to be table header cells. In those cases use the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;th&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag instead of the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;td&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag:</p>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Hint:</strong>&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">th</code>&nbsp;stands for table header.</p>
</div>
</div>

HTML Tables

<p>HTML lists allow web developers to group a set of related items in lists.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>An unordered HTML list:</p>
<ul>
<li>Item</li>
<li>Item</li>
<li>Item</li>
<li>Item</li>
</ul>
<p>An ordered HTML list:</p>
<ol>
<li>First item</li>
<li>Second item</li>
<li>Third item</li>
<li>Fourth item</li>
</ol>
<h2>Unordered HTML List</h2>
<p>An unordered list starts with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;ul&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag. Each list item starts with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;li&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag.</p>
<p>The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles) by default:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;ul&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Coffee&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tea&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Milk&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Ordered HTML List</h2>
<p>An ordered list starts with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;ol&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag. Each list item starts with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;li&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag.</p>
<p>The list items will be marked with numbers by default:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;ol&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Coffee&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Tea&lt;/li&gt;
  &lt;li&gt;Milk&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ol&gt;</code></pre>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

HTML Lists

<p>An HTML form is used to collect user input. The user input is most often sent to a server for processing.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;form&gt;
  &lt;label for="fname"&gt;First name:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="fname" name="fname"&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;label for="lname"&gt;Last name:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>The &lt;form&gt; Element</h2>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;form&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is used to create an HTML form for user input:</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;form&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is a container for different types of input elements, such as: text fields, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons, etc.</p>
<h2>The &lt;input&gt; Element</h2>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;input&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is the most used form element.</p>
<p>An&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;input&gt;</code>&nbsp;element can be displayed in many ways, depending on the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">type</code>&nbsp;attribute.</p>
<p>Here are some examples:</p>
<h2>The &lt;input&gt; Element</h2>
<p>The HTML&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;input&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is the most used form element.</p>
<p>An&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;input&gt;</code>&nbsp;element can be displayed in many ways, depending on the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">type</code>&nbsp;attribute.</p>
<p>Here are some examples:</p>
<table class="ws-table-all">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Type</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;input type="text"&gt;</td>
<td>Displays a single-line text input field</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;input type="radio"&gt;</td>
<td>Displays a radio button (for selecting one of many choices)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;input type="checkbox"&gt;</td>
<td>Displays a checkbox (for selecting zero or more of many choices)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;input type="submit"&gt;</td>
<td>Displays a submit button (for submitting the form)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&lt;input type="button"&gt;</td>
<td>Displays a clickable button</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>The &lt;label&gt; Element</h2>
<p>Notice the use of the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;label&gt;</code>&nbsp;element in the example above.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;label&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag defines a label for many form elements.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;label&gt;</code>&nbsp;element is useful for screen-reader users, because the screen-reader will read out loud the label when the user focuses on the input element.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;label&gt;</code>&nbsp;element also helps users who have difficulty clicking on very small regions (such as radio buttons or checkboxes) - because when the user clicks the text within the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;label&gt;</code>&nbsp;element, it toggles the radio button/checkbox.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">for</code>&nbsp;attribute of the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;label&gt;</code>&nbsp;tag should be equal to the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">id</code>&nbsp;attribute of the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;input&gt;</code>&nbsp;element to bind them together.</p>
<h2>Radio Buttons</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;input type="radio"&gt;</code>&nbsp;defines a radio button.</p>
<p>Radio buttons let a user select ONE of a limited number of choices.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;p&gt;Choose your favorite Web language:&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;form&gt;
  &lt;input type="radio" id="html" name="fav_language" value="HTML"&gt;
  &lt;label for="html"&gt;HTML&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="radio" id="css" name="fav_language" value="CSS"&gt;
  &lt;label for="css"&gt;CSS&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="radio" id="javascript" name="fav_language" value="JavaScript"&gt;
  &lt;label for="javascript"&gt;JavaScript&lt;/label&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;</code></pre>
<p>This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:</p>
<p>Choose your favorite Web language:</p>
<p><input id="html" name="fav_language" type="radio" value="HTML">&nbsp;<label for="html">HTML</label><br><input id="css" name="fav_language" type="radio" value="CSS">&nbsp;<label for="css">CSS</label><br><input id="javascript" name="fav_language" type="radio" value="JavaScript">&nbsp;<label for="javascript">JavaScript</label></p>
<h2>Checkboxes</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;input type="checkbox"&gt;</code>&nbsp;defines a&nbsp;<strong>checkbox</strong>.</p>
<p>Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of choices.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;form&gt;
  &lt;input type="checkbox" id="vehicle1" name="vehicle1" value="Bike"&gt;
  &lt;label for="vehicle1"&gt; I have a bike&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="checkbox" id="vehicle2" name="vehicle2" value="Car"&gt;
  &lt;label for="vehicle2"&gt; I have a car&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="checkbox" id="vehicle3" name="vehicle3" value="Boat"&gt;
  &lt;label for="vehicle3"&gt; I have a boat&lt;/label&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;</code></pre>
<p>This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:</p>
<p><input id="vehicle1" name="vehicle1" type="checkbox" value="Bike">&nbsp;<label for="vehicle1">I have a bike</label><br><input id="vehicle2" name="vehicle2" type="checkbox" value="Car">&nbsp;<label for="vehicle2">I have a car</label><br><input id="vehicle3" name="vehicle3" type="checkbox" value="Boat">&nbsp;<label for="vehicle3">I have a boat</label></p>
<h2>The Submit Button</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;input type="submit"&gt;</code>&nbsp;defines a button for submitting the form data to a form-handler.</p>
<p>The form-handler is typically a file on the server with a script for processing input data.</p>
<p>The form-handler is specified in the form's&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">action</code>&nbsp;attribute.</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;form action="/action_page.php"&gt;
  &lt;label for="fname"&gt;First name:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John"&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;label for="lname"&gt;Last name:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="submit" value="Submit"&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>The Name Attribute for &lt;input&gt;</h2>
<p>Notice that each input field must have a&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">name</code>&nbsp;attribute to be submitted.</p>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">name</code>&nbsp;attribute is omitted, the value of the input field will not be sent at all.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;form action="/action_page.php" method="POST"&gt;
  &lt;label for="fname"&gt;First name:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="fname" value="John"&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="submit" value="Submit"&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;</code></pre>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">&nbsp;</div>
</div>

HTML Forms

<p>In this section, we will discuss different attributes in a form</p>
<h2>The Action Attribute</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">action</code>&nbsp;attribute defines the action to be performed when the form is submitted.</p>
<p>Usually, the form data is sent to a file on the server when the user clicks on the submit button.</p>
<p>In the example above, the form data is sent to a file called "action_page.php". This file contains a server-side script that handles the form data.</p>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">action</code>&nbsp;attribute is omitted, the action is set to the current page.</p>
<p>This example uses the GET method when submitting the form data:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;form action="/action_page.php" method="get"&gt;</code></pre>
<p>&nbsp;This example uses the POST method when submitting the form data:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;form action="/action_page.php" method="post"&gt;</code></pre>
<p><strong>Notes on GET:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Appends the form data to the URL, in name/value pairs</li>
<li>NEVER use GET to send sensitive data! (the submitted form data is visible in the URL!)</li>
<li>The length of a URL is limited (2048 characters)</li>
<li>Useful for form submissions where a user wants to bookmark the result</li>
<li>GET is good for non-secure data, like query strings in Google</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Notes on POST:</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Appends the form data inside the body of the HTTP request (the submitted form data is not shown in the URL)</li>
<li>POST has no size limitations, and can be used to send large amounts of data.</li>
<li>Form submissions with POST cannot be bookmarked</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;Always use POST if the form data contains sensitive or personal information!</p>
<h2>Pseudo Code</h2>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;form&gt;
  &lt;label for="id"&gt;User Symbol Id:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="id" name="id" value="1234" readonly&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;label for="fname"&gt;First name:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="John" required&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;label for="lname"&gt;Last name:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="lname" name="lname"  placeholder="Your Last Name ..."&gt;
  &lt;label for="phone"&gt;Phone Number:&lt;/label&gt;&lt;br&gt;
  &lt;input type="text" id="phone" name="phone" value="0123456789"&gt;
  &lt;label for="files"&gt;Select files:&lt;/label&gt;
  &lt;input type="file" id="files" name="files" multiple&gt;
&lt;/form&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>The value Attribute</h2>
<p>The input&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">value</code> attribute specifies an initial value for an input field.</p>
<h2>The readonly Attribute</h2>
<p>The input&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">readonly</code>&nbsp;attribute specifies that an input field is read-only.</p>
<p>A read-only input field cannot be modified (however, a user can tab to it, highlight it, and copy the text from it).</p>
<p>The value of a read-only input field will be sent when submitting the form!</p>
<h2>The disabled Attribute</h2>
<p>The input&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">disabled</code>&nbsp;attribute specifies that an input field should be disabled.</p>
<p>A disabled input field is unusable and un-clickable.</p>
<p>The value of a disabled input field will not be sent when submitting the form!</p>
<h2>The multiple Attribute</h2>
<p>The input&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">multiple</code>&nbsp;attribute specifies that the user is allowed to enter more than one value in an input field.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">multiple</code>&nbsp;attribute works with the following input types: email, and file.</p>
<h2>The placeholder Attribute</h2>
<p>The input&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">placeholder</code>&nbsp;attribute specifies a short hint that describes the expected value of an input field (a sample value or a short description of the expected format).</p>
<p>The short hint is displayed in the input field before the user enters a value.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">placeholder</code>&nbsp;attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and password.</p>
<h2>The required Attribute</h2>
<p>The input&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">required</code>&nbsp;attribute specifies that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">required</code>&nbsp;attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, password, date pickers, number, checkbox, radio, and file.</p>
<h2>HTML Form and Input Elements</h2>
<table class="ws-table-all notranslate" style="border-collapse: collapse; width: 27.0683%; border-width: 1px;" border="1">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th style="width: 21%; border-width: 1px;">Tag</th>
<th style="width: 79%; border-width: 1px;">Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 21%; border-width: 1px;">&lt;form&gt;</td>
<td style="width: 79%; border-width: 1px;">Defines an HTML form for user input</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 21%; border-width: 1px;">&lt;input&gt;</td>
<td style="width: 79%; border-width: 1px;">Defines an input control</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>

HTML Forms Attributes

HTML Basics

<p>CSS is the language we use to style a Web page.</p>
<h2>What is CSS?</h2>
<ul>
<li>CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets</li>
<li>CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen, paper, or in other media</li>
<li>CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web pages all at once</li>
<li>External stylesheets are stored in CSS files</li>
</ul>
<h2>Why Use CSS?</h2>
<p>CSS is used to define styles for your web pages, including the design, layout and variations in display for different devices and screen sizes.</p>
<h2>CSS Example</h2>
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
  color: white;
  text-align: center;
}

p {
  font-family: verdana;
  font-size: 20px;
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS Solved a Big Problem</h2>
<p>HTML was NEVER intended to contain tags for formatting a web page!</p>
<p>HTML was created to describe the content of a web page, like:</p>
<p>&lt;h1&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;</p>
<p>&lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;</p>
<p>When tags like &lt;font&gt;, and color attributes were added to the HTML 3.2 specification, it started a nightmare for web developers. Development of large websites, where fonts and color information were added to every single page, became a long and expensive process.</p>
<p>To solve this problem, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) created CSS.</p>
<p>CSS removed the style formatting from the HTML page!</p>
<h2>CSS Saves a Lot of Work!</h2>
<p>The style definitions are normally saved in external .css files.</p>
<p>With an external stylesheet file, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file!</p>
<h2>CSS Syntax</h2>
<div>
<p><img class="w3-image" src="https://www.w3schools.com/css/img_selector.gif" alt="CSS selector"></p>
</div>
<p>The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.</p>
<p>The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by semicolons.</p>
<p>Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a colon.</p>
<p>Multiple CSS declarations are separated with semicolons, and declaration blocks are surrounded by curly braces.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  color: red;
  text-align: center;
}</code></pre>
<h4>Example Explained</h4>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">p</code>&nbsp;is a selector in CSS (it points to the HTML element you want to style: &lt;p&gt;).</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">color</code>&nbsp;is a property, and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">red</code>&nbsp;is the property value</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-align</code>&nbsp;is a property, and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">center</code>&nbsp;is the property value</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong>You will learn much more about CSS selectors and CSS properties in the next chapters!</p>

<p>A CSS selector selects the HTML element(s) you want to style.</p>
<h2>CSS Selectors</h2>
<p>CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you want to style.</p>
<p>We can divide CSS selectors into five categories:</p>
<ul>
<li>Simple selectors (select elements based on name, id, class)</li>
<li>Combinator selectors&nbsp;(select elements based on a specific relationship between them)</li>
<li>Pseudo-class selectors&nbsp;(select elements based on a certain state)</li>
<li>Pseudo-elements selectors&nbsp;(select and style a part of an element)</li>
<li>Attribute selectors&nbsp;(select elements based on an attribute or attribute value)</li>
</ul>
<p>This page will explain the most basic CSS selectors.</p>
<h2>The CSS element Selector</h2>
<p>The element selector selects HTML elements based on the element name.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Here, all &lt;p&gt; elements on the page will be center-aligned, with a red text color:&nbsp;</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  text-align: center;
  color: red;
}</code></pre>
<h2>The CSS id Selector</h2>
<p>The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific element.</p>
<p>The id of an element is unique within a page, so the id selector is used to select one unique element!</p>
<p>To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed by the id of the element.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The CSS rule below will be applied to the HTML element with id="para1":&nbsp;</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>#para1 {
  text-align: center;
  color: red;
}</code></pre>
<h2>The CSS class Selector</h2>
<p>The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class attribute.</p>
<p>To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed by the class name.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>In this example all HTML elements with class="center" will be red and center-aligned:&nbsp;</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.center {
  text-align: center;
  color: red;
}</code></pre>
<p>You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by a class.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>In this example only &lt;p&gt; elements with class="center" will be red and center-aligned:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p.center {
  text-align: center;
  color: red;
}</code></pre>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;An id and class name cannot start with a number!</p>
<h2>The CSS Universal Selector</h2>
<p>The universal selector (*) selects all HTML elements on the page.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The CSS rule below will affect every HTML element on the page:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>* {
  text-align: center;
  color: blue;
}</code></pre>
<h2>he CSS Grouping Selector</h2>
<p>The grouping selector selects all the HTML elements with the same style definitions.</p>
<p>It will be better to group the selectors, to minimize the code.</p>
<p>To group selectors, separate each selector with a comma.</p>
<p>Look at the following CSS code (the h1, h2, and p elements have the same style definitions):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>h1, h2, p {
  text-align: center;
  color: red;
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS Comments</h2>
<p>Comments are used to explain the code, and may help when you edit the source code at a later date.</p>
<p>Comments are ignored by browsers. CSS comments are not displayed in the browser, but they can help document your source code.</p>
<p>A CSS comment is placed inside the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;style&gt;</code>&nbsp;element, and starts with&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">/*</code>&nbsp;and ends with&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">*/</code>:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>/* This is a 
  multi-line 
  comment */

/* This is a single-line comment */
p {
  color: red; /* May be shade of blue */
}</code></pre>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>

CSS Selectors

<p><span class="color_h1">When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format the HTML document according to the information in the style sheet.</span></p>
<h2>Three Ways to Insert CSS</h2>
<p>There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:</p>
<ul>
<li>External CSS</li>
<li>Internal CSS</li>
<li>Inline CSS</li>
</ul>
<h2>External CSS</h2>
<p>With an external style sheet, you can change the look of an entire website by changing just one file!</p>
<p>Each HTML page must include a reference to the external style sheet file inside the &lt;link&gt; element, inside the head section.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>External styles are defined within the &lt;link&gt; element, inside the &lt;head&gt; section of an HTML page:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css"&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
<p>An external style sheet can be written in any text editor, and must be saved with a .css extension.</p>
<p>The external .css file should not contain any HTML tags.</p>
<p>Here is how the "mystyle.css" file looks:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>"mystyle.css"</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-color: lightblue;
}

h1 {
  color: navy;
  margin-left: 20px;
}</code></pre>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;Do not add a space between the property value (20) and the unit (px):<br>Incorrect (space):&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">margin-left: 20 px;</code><br>Correct (no space):&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">margin-left: 20px;</code></p>
<h2>Internal CSS</h2>
<p>An internal style sheet may be used if one single HTML page has a unique style.</p>
<p>The internal style is defined inside the &lt;style&gt; element, inside the head section.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Internal styles are defined within the &lt;style&gt; element, inside the &lt;head&gt; section of an HTML page:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
body {
  background-color: linen;
}

h1 {
  color: maroon;
  margin-left: 40px;
}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;h1&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Inline CSS</h2>
<p>An inline style may be used to apply a unique style for a single element.</p>
<p>To use inline styles, add the style attribute to the relevant element. The style attribute can contain any CSS property.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Inline styles are defined within the "style" attribute of the relevant element:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;h1 style="color:blue;text-align:center;"&gt;This is a heading&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p style="color:red;"&gt;This is a paragraph.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;An inline style loses many of the advantages of a style sheet (by mixing content with presentation). Use this method sparingly.</p>
<h2>Multiple Style Sheets</h2>
<p>If some properties have been defined for the same selector (element) in different style sheets, the value from the last read style sheet will be used.&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h2>Cascading Order</h2>
<p>What style will be used when there is more than one style specified for an HTML element?</p>
<p>All the styles in a page will "cascade" into a new "virtual" style sheet by the following rules, where number one has the highest priority:</p>
<ol>
<li>Inline style (inside an HTML element)</li>
<li>External and internal style sheets (in the head section)</li>
<li>Browser default</li>
</ol>
<p>So, an inline style has the highest priority, and will override external and internal styles and browser defaults.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>

CSS Integration

<p>Colors are specified using predefined color names, or RGB, HEX, HSL, RGBA, HSLA values.</p>
<h2>CSS Color Names</h2>
<p>In CSS, a color can be specified by using a predefined color name:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;body&gt;

&lt;h1 style="color:Tomato;"&gt;Tomato&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style="color:Orange;"&gt;Orange&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style="color:DodgerBlue;"&gt;DodgerBlue&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style="color:Gray;"&gt;Gray&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style="color:SlateBlue;"&gt;SlateBlue&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style="color:Violet;"&gt;Violet&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>CSS Background Color</h2>
<p>You can set the background color for HTML elements:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;h1 style="background-color:DodgerBlue;"&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p style="background-color:Tomato;"&gt;Lorem ipsum...&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h1 style="background-color: dodgerblue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-color: tomato;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
<h2>CSS Text Color</h2>
<p>You can set the color of text:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;h1 style="color:Tomato;"&gt;Hello World&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;p style="color:DodgerBlue;"&gt;Lorem ipsum...&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;"&gt;Ut wisi enim...&lt;/p&gt;</code></pre>
<h1 style="color: tomato;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="color: dodgerblue;">Lorem ipsum...</p>
<p style="color: mediumseagreen;">Ut wisi enim...</p>
<h2>CSS Color Values</h2>
<p>In CSS, colors can also be specified using RGB values, HEX values, HSL values, RGBA values, and HSLA values:</p>
<p>Same as color name "Tomato":</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<div style="text-align: center; color: white; font-size: 10px;">
<h1 style="padding: 5px 0; background-color: rgb(255, 99, 71);">rgb(255, 99, 71)</h1>
<h1 style="padding: 5px 0; background-color: #ff6347;">#ff6347</h1>
<h1 style="padding: 5px 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 99, 71); text-align: center;">hsl(9, 100%, 64%)</h1>
<h1 style="padding: 5px 0; background-color: rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);">rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5)</h1>
<h1 style="padding: 5px 0; background-color: hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5);">hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5)</h1>
</div>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;h1 style="background-color:rgb(255, 99, 71);"&gt;...&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style="background-color:#ff6347;"&gt;...&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style="background-color:hsl(9, 100%, 64%);"&gt;...&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;h1 style="background-color:rgba(255, 99, 71, 0.5);"&gt;...&lt;/h1&gt;
&lt;h1 style="background-color:hsla(9, 100%, 64%, 0.5);"&gt;...&lt;/h1&gt;</code></pre>
<h2><span class="color_h1">RGB Colors</span></h2>
<p class="intro">An RGB color value represents RED, GREEN, and BLUE light sources.</p>
<h2>RGB Value</h2>
<p>In CSS, a color can be specified as an RGB value, using this formula:</p>
<p><em><strong>rgb(red,&nbsp;green,&nbsp;blue)</strong></em></p>
<p>Each parameter (red, green, and blue) defines the intensity of the color between 0 and 255.</p>
<p>For example, rgb(255, 0, 0) is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (255) and the others are set to 0.</p>
<p>To display black, set all color parameters to 0, like this: rgb(0, 0, 0).</p>
<p>To display white, set all color parameters to 255, like this: rgb(255, 255, 255).</p>
<h2>RGBA Value</h2>
<p>RGBA color values are an extension of RGB color values with an alpha channel - which specifies the opacity for a color.</p>
<p>An RGBA color value is specified with:</p>
<p>rgba(<em>red,</em>&nbsp;<em>green</em>,&nbsp;<em>blue, alpha</em>)</p>
<p>The alpha parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (not transparent at all)</p>
<h2><span class="color_h1">HEX Colors</span></h2>
<p class="intro">A hexadecimal color is specified with: #RRGGBB, where the RR (red), GG (green) and BB (blue) hexadecimal integers specify the components of the color.</p>
<h2>HEX Value</h2>
<p>In CSS, a color can be specified using a hexadecimal value in the form:</p>
<p><strong>#<em>rrggbb</em></strong></p>
<p>Where rr (red), gg (green) and bb (blue) are hexadecimal values between 00 and ff (same as decimal 0-255).</p>
<p>For example, #ff0000 is displayed as red, because red is set to its highest value (ff) and the others are set to the lowest value (00).</p>
<p>To display black, set all values to 00, like this: #000000.</p>
<p>To display white, set all values to ff, like this: #ffffff. &nbsp;</p>
<h2>3 Digit HEX Value</h2>
<p>Sometimes you will see a 3-digit hex code in the CSS source.</p>
<p>The 3-digit hex code is a shorthand for some 6-digit hex codes.</p>
<p>The 3-digit hex code has the following form:</p>
<p><strong>#<em>rgb</em></strong></p>
<p>Where r, g, and b represent the red, green, and blue components with values between 0 and f.</p>
<p>The 3-digit hex code can only be used when both the values (RR, GG, and BB) are the same for each component. So, if we have #ff00cc, it can be written like this: #f0c.</p>
<h2>CSS&nbsp;<span class="color_h1">HSL Colors</span></h2>
<h2>HSL Value</h2>
<p>In CSS, a color can be specified using hue, saturation, and lightness (HSL) in the form:</p>
<p><strong>hsl(<em>hue</em>,&nbsp;<em>saturation</em>,&nbsp;<em>lightness</em>)</strong></p>
<p>Hue is a degree on the color wheel from 0 to 360. 0 is red, 120 is green, and 240 is blue.</p>
<p>Saturation is a percentage value. 0% means a shade of gray, and 100% is the full color.</p>
<p>Lightness is also a percentage. 0% is black, 50% is neither light or dark, 100% is white</p>
<h3>Saturation</h3>
<p>Saturation can be described as the intensity of a color.</p>
<p>100% is pure color, no shades of gray.</p>
<p>50% is 50% gray, but you can still see the color.</p>
<p>0% is completely gray; you can no longer see the color.</p>
<h3>Lightness</h3>
<p>The lightness of a color can be described as how much light you want to give the color, where 0% means no light (black), 50% means 50% light (neither dark nor light) and 100% means full lightness (white).</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>

CSS Colors

<p class="intro">The CSS background properties are used to add background effects for elements.</p>
<div>
<p>In these chapters, you will learn about the following CSS background properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-color</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-image</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-repeat</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-position</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background</code>&nbsp;(shorthand property)</li>
</ul>
<h2>CSS background-color</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background-color</code>&nbsp;property specifies the background color of an element.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The background color of a page is set like this:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-color: lightblue;
}</code></pre>
<p>With CSS, a color is most often specified by:</p>
<ul>
<li>a valid color name - like "red"</li>
<li>a HEX value - like "#ff0000"</li>
<li>an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"</li>
</ul>
<h2>Opacity / Transparency</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">opacity</code>&nbsp;property specifies the opacity/transparency of an element. It can take a value from 0.0 - 1.0. The lower value, the more transparent:</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  background-color: green;
  opacity: 0.3;
}</code></pre>
<h2>Transparency using RGBA</h2>
<p>If you do not want to apply opacity to child elements, like in our example above, use&nbsp;<strong>RGBA</strong> color values. The following example sets the opacity for the background color and not the text:</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="flex items-center flex-column gap-0">
<div class="w-32 h-32">
<div style="background: rgb(4, 170, 109); padding: 50px; color: black;">
<p>100% opacity</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w-32 h-32">
<div style="background: rgba(4, 170, 109,0.6); padding: 50px; color: black;">
<p>60% opacity</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w-32 h-32">
<div style="background: rgba(4, 170, 109,0.3); padding: 50px; color: black;">
<p>30% opacity</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w-32 h-32">
<div style="background: rgba(4, 170, 109,0.1); padding: 50px; color: black;">
<p>10% opacity</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>You learned from our&nbsp;CSS Colors Chapter, that you can use RGB as a color value. In addition to RGB, you can use an RGB color value with an&nbsp;<strong>alpha</strong>&nbsp;channel (RGB<strong>A</strong>) - which specifies the opacity for a color.</p>
<p>An RGBA color value is specified with: rgba(red, green, blue,&nbsp;<em>alpha</em>). The&nbsp;<em>alpha</em>&nbsp;parameter is a number between 0.0 (fully transparent) and 1.0 (fully opaque).</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  background: rgba(0, 128, 0, 0.3) /* Green background with 30% opacity */
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS background-image</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background-image</code>&nbsp;property specifies an image to use as the background of an element.</p>
<p>By default, the image is repeated so it covers the entire element.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Set the background image for a page:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-image: url("party.gif");
}</code></pre>
<p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);"><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;When using a background image, use an image that does not disturb the text.</span></p>
<p><span style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">The background image can also be set for specific elements, like the &lt;p&gt; element:</span></p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  background-image: url("paper.gif");
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS background-repeat</h2>
<p>By default, the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background-image</code>&nbsp;property repeats an image both horizontally and vertically.</p>
<p>Some images should be repeated only horizontally or vertically, or they will look strange</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
}</code></pre>
<p>We can repeat horizontally using:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-image: url("gradient_bg.png");
  background-repeat: repeat-x;
}</code></pre>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;To repeat an image vertically, set&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background-repeat: repeat-y;</code></p>
<h2>CSS background-repeat: no-repeat</h2>
<p>Showing the background image only once is also specified by the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background-repeat</code>&nbsp;property:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-image: url("img_tree.png");
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS background-position</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background-position</code>&nbsp;property is used to specify the position of the background image.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Position the background image in the top-right corner:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-image: url("img_tree.png");
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: right top;
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS background - Shorthand property</h2>
<p>To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the background properties in one single property. This is called a shorthand property.</p>
<p>Instead of writing:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-color: #ffffff;
  background-image: url("img_tree.png");
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  background-position: right top;
}</code></pre>
<p>You can use the shorthand property&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background</code>:</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the shorthand property to set the background properties in one declaration:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background: #ffffff url("img_tree.png") no-repeat right top;
}</code></pre>
<p>When using the shorthand property the order of the property values is:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-color</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-image</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-repeat</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-attachment</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">background-position</code></li>
</ul>
<p>It does not matter if one of the property values is missing, as long as the other ones are in this order</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>

CSS Backgrounds

<p>The CSS border properties allow you to specify the style, width, and color of an element's border.</p>
<div class="border p-4">
<p>I have borders on all sides.</p>
</div>
<div class="border-b border-red-600 p-4">
<p>I have a red bottom border.</p>
</div>
<div class="p-4 border rounded">
<p>I have rounded borders.</p>
<h2>CSS Border Style</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;property specifies what kind of border to display.</p>
<p>The following values are allowed:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">dotted</code>&nbsp;- Defines a dotted border</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">dashed</code>&nbsp;- Defines a dashed border</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">solid</code>&nbsp;- Defines a solid border</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">double</code>&nbsp;- Defines a double border</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">groove</code>&nbsp;- Defines a 3D grooved border. The effect depends on the border-color value</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">ridge</code>&nbsp;- Defines a 3D ridged border. The effect depends on the border-color value</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">inset</code>&nbsp;- Defines a 3D inset border. The effect depends on the border-color value</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">outset</code>&nbsp;- Defines a 3D outset border. The effect depends on the border-color value</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">none</code>&nbsp;- Defines no border</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">hidden</code>&nbsp;- Defines a hidden border</li>
</ul>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;property can have from one to four values (for the top border, right border, bottom border, and the left border).</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Demonstration of the different border styles:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p.dotted {border-style: dotted;}
p.dashed {border-style: dashed;}
p.solid {border-style: solid;}
p.double {border-style: double;}
p.groove {border-style: groove;}
p.ridge {border-style: ridge;}
p.inset {border-style: inset;}
p.outset {border-style: outset;}
p.none {border-style: none;}
p.hidden {border-style: hidden;}
p.mix {border-style: dotted dashed solid double;}</code></pre>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;None of the OTHER CSS border properties (which you will learn more about) will have ANY effect unless the <code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;property is set!</p>
<h2>CSS Border Width</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-width</code>&nbsp;property specifies the width of the four borders.</p>
<p>The width can be set as a specific size (in px, pt, cm, em, etc) or by using one of the three pre-defined values: thin, medium, or thick:</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Demonstration of the different border widths:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>p.one {
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 5px;
}

p.two {
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: medium;
}

p.three {
  border-style: dotted;
  border-width: 2px;
}

p.four {
  border-style: dotted;
  border-width: thick;
}</code></pre>
<h2>Specific Side Widths</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-width</code>&nbsp;property can have from one to four values (for the top border, right border, bottom border, and the left border):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>p.one {
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 5px 20px; /* 5px top and bottom, 20px on the sides */
}

p.two {
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 20px 5px; /* 20px top and bottom, 5px on the sides */
}

p.three {
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 25px 10px 4px 35px; /* 25px top, 10px right, 4px bottom and 35px left */
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS Border Color</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-color</code>&nbsp;property is used to set the color of the four borders.</p>
<p>The color can be set by:</p>
<ul>
<li>name - specify a color name, like "red"</li>
<li>HEX - specify a HEX value, like "#ff0000"</li>
<li>RGB - specify a RGB value, like "rgb(255,0,0)"</li>
<li>HSL - specify a HSL value, like "hsl(0, 100%, 50%)"</li>
<li>transparent</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;If&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-color</code>&nbsp;is not set, it inherits the color of the element.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Demonstration of the different border colors:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>p.one {
  border-style: solid;
  border-color: red;
}

p.two {
  border-style: solid;
  border-color: green;
}

p.three {
  border-style: dotted;
  border-color: blue;
}</code></pre>
<h2>Specific Side Colors</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-color</code>&nbsp;property can have from one to four values (for the top border, right border, bottom border, and the left border).&nbsp;</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p.one {
  border-style: solid;
  border-color: #ff0000 rgb(0, 255, 0) hsl(0, 100%, 50%) yellow; /* red top, green right, red bottom and yellow left */
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS Border - Individual Sides</h2>
<p>From the examples on the previous pages, you have seen that it is possible to specify a different border for each side.</p>
<p>In CSS, there are also properties for specifying each of the borders (top, right, bottom, and left):</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  border-top-style: dotted;
  border-right-style: solid;
  border-bottom-style: dotted;
  border-left-style: solid;
}</code></pre>
<p>The example above gives the same result as this:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  border-style: dotted solid;
}</code></pre>
<p>So, here is how it works:</p>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;property has four values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>border-style: dotted solid double dashed;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top border is dotted</li>
<li>right border is solid</li>
<li>bottom border is double</li>
<li>left border is dashed</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;property has three values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>border-style: dotted solid double;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top border is dotted</li>
<li>right and left borders are solid</li>
<li>bottom border is double</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;property has two values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>border-style: dotted solid;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top and bottom borders are dotted</li>
<li>right and left borders are solid</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;property has one value:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>border-style: dotted;</strong>
<ul>
<li>all four borders are dotted</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:&nbsp;</strong>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;property is used in the example above. However, it also works with&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-width</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-color</code>.</p>
<h2>CSS Border - Shorthand Property</h2>
<p>Like you saw in the previous page, there are many properties to consider when dealing with borders.</p>
<p>To shorten the code, it is also possible to specify all the individual border properties in one property.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for the following individual border properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">border-width</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">border-style</code>&nbsp;(required)</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">border-color</code></li>
</ul>
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  border: 5px solid red;
}
// You can also specify all the individual border properties for just one side:
p {
  border-left: 6px solid red;
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS Rounded Borders</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">border-radius</code>&nbsp;property is used to add rounded borders to an element:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  border: 2px solid red;
  border-radius: 5px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

CSS Borders

<h2>CSS Margins</h2>
<p class="intro">Margins are used to create space around elements, outside of any defined borders.</p>
<p class="intro p-2" style="margin: 70px; border: 1px solid lightblue;">This element has a margin of 70px.</p>
<p>The CSS&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">margin</code>&nbsp;properties are used to create space around elements, outside of any defined borders.</p>
<p>With CSS, you have full control over the margins. There are properties for setting the margin for each side of an element (top, right, bottom, and left).</p>
<h2>Margin - Individual Sides</h2>
<p>CSS has properties for specifying the margin for each side of an element:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">margin-top</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">margin-right</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">margin-bottom</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">margin-left</code></li>
</ul>
<p>All the margin properties can have the following values:</p>
<ul>
<li>auto - the browser calculates the margin</li>
<li><em>length</em>&nbsp;- specifies a margin in px, pt, cm, etc.</li>
<li><em>%</em>&nbsp;- specifies a margin in % of the width of the containing element</li>
<li>inherit - specifies that the margin should be inherited from the parent element</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;Negative values are allowed.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Set different margins for all four sides of a &lt;p&gt; element:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  margin-top: 100px;
  margin-bottom: 100px;
  margin-right: 150px;
  margin-left: 80px;
}</code></pre>
<h2>Margin - Shorthand Property</h2>
<p>To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the margin properties in one property.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">margin</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for the following individual margin properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">margin-top</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">margin-right</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">margin-bottom</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">margin-left</code></li>
</ul>
<p>So, here is how it works:</p>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">margin</code>&nbsp;property has four values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>margin: 25px 50px 75px 100px;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top margin is 25px</li>
<li>right margin is 50px</li>
<li>bottom margin is 75px</li>
<li>left margin is 100px</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the margin shorthand property with four values:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  margin: 25px 50px 75px 100px;
}</code></pre>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">margin</code>&nbsp;property has three values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>margin: 25px 50px 75px;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top margin is 25px</li>
<li>right and left margins are 50px</li>
<li>bottom margin is 75px</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the margin shorthand property with three values:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  margin: 25px 50px 75px;
}</code></pre>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">margin</code>&nbsp;property has two values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>margin: 25px 50px;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top and bottom margins are 25px</li>
<li>right and left margins are 50px</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the margin shorthand property with two values:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  margin: 25px 50px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">margin</code>&nbsp;property has one value:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>margin: 25px;</strong>
<ul>
<li>all four margins are 25px</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the margin shorthand property with one value:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  margin: 25px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2>The auto Value</h2>
<p>You can set the margin property to&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">auto</code>&nbsp;to horizontally center the element within its container.</p>
<p>The element will then take up the specified width, and the remaining space will be split equally between the left and right margins.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use margin: auto:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  width: 300px;
  margin: auto;
  border: 1px solid red;
}</code></pre>
<h2>CSS Padding</h2>
<p>Padding is used to create space around an element's content, inside of any defined borders.</p>
<p>The CSS <code class="w3-codespan">padding</code>&nbsp;properties are used to generate space around an element's content, inside of any defined borders.</p>
<p>With CSS, you have full control over the padding. There are properties for setting the padding for each side of an element (top, right, bottom, and left).</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h2>Padding - Individual Sides</h2>
<p>CSS has properties for specifying the padding for each side of an element:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">padding-top</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">padding-right</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">padding-bottom</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">padding-left</code></li>
</ul>
<p>All the padding properties can have the following values:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>length</em>&nbsp;- specifies a padding in px, pt, cm, etc.</li>
<li><em>%</em>&nbsp;- specifies a padding in % of the width of the containing element</li>
<li>inherit - specifies that the padding should be inherited from the parent element</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;Negative values are not allowed.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Set different padding for all four sides of a &lt;div&gt; element:&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  padding-top: 50px;
  padding-right: 30px;
  padding-bottom: 50px;
  padding-left: 80px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div id="midcontentadcontainer">
<div id="adngin-mid_content-0"></div>
</div>
<h2>Padding - Shorthand Property</h2>
<p>To shorten the code, it is possible to specify all the padding properties in one property.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">padding</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for the following individual padding properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">padding-top</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">padding-right</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">padding-bottom</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">padding-left</code></li>
</ul>
<p>So, here is how it works:</p>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">padding</code>&nbsp;property has four values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>padding: 25px 50px 75px 100px;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top padding is 25px</li>
<li>right padding is 50px</li>
<li>bottom padding is 75px</li>
<li>left padding is 100px</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the padding shorthand property with four values:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  padding: 25px 50px 75px 100px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">padding</code>&nbsp;property has three values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>padding: 25px 50px 75px;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top padding is 25px</li>
<li>right and left paddings are 50px</li>
<li>bottom padding is 75px</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the padding shorthand property with three values:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  padding: 25px 50px 75px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">padding</code>&nbsp;property has two values:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>padding: 25px 50px;</strong>
<ul>
<li>top and bottom paddings are 25px</li>
<li>right and left paddings are 50px</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the padding shorthand property with two values:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  padding: 25px 50px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>If the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">padding</code>&nbsp;property has one value:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>padding: 25px;</strong>
<ul>
<li>all four paddings are 25px</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the padding shorthand property with one value:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  padding: 25px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Padding and Element Width</h2>
<p>The CSS&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;property specifies the width of the element's content area. The content area is the portion inside the padding, border, and margin of an element (<a href="https://www.w3schools.com/css/css_boxmodel.asp">the box model</a>).</p>
<p>So, if an element has a specified width, the padding added to that element will be added to the total width of the element. This is often an undesirable result.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Here, the &lt;div&gt; element is given a width of 300px. However, the actual width of the &lt;div&gt; element will be 350px (300px + 25px of left padding + 25px of right padding):</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  width: 300px;
  padding: 25px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>To keep the width at 300px, no matter the amount of padding, you can use the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">box-sizing</code>&nbsp;property. This causes the element to maintain its actual width; if you increase the padding, the available content space will decrease.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Use the box-sizing property to keep the width at 300px, no matter the amount of padding:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  width: 300px;
  padding: 25px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
&nbsp;</div>
</div>
</div>

CSS Margins & Paddings

<p class="intro">The CSS&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">height</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;properties are used to set the height and width of an element.</p>
<p class="intro">The CSS&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">max-width</code>&nbsp;property is used to set the maximum width of an element.</p>
<div style="border: 1px solid red; height: 100%;">This element has a height of 50 pixels and a width of 100%.</div>
<h2>CSS Setting height and width</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">height</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;properties are used to set the height and width of an element.</p>
<p>The height and width properties do not include padding, borders, or margins. It sets the height/width of the area inside the padding, border, and margin of the element.</p>
<h2>CSS height and width Values</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">height</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;properties may have the following values:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">auto</code>&nbsp;- This is default. The browser calculates the height and width</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">length</code>&nbsp;- Defines the height/width in px, cm, etc.</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">%</code>&nbsp;- Defines the height/width in percent of the containing block</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">initial</code>&nbsp;- Sets the height/width to its default value</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">inherit</code>&nbsp;- The height/width will be inherited from its parent value</li>
</ul>
<h2>CSS height and width Examples</h2>
<div style="background: lightblue; height: 200px; width: 50%;">This element has a height of 200 pixels and a width of 50%</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Set the height and width of a &lt;div&gt; element:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  height: 200px;
  width: 50%;
  background-color: powderblue;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div style="background: lightblue; height: 100px; width: 500px;">This element has a height of 100 pixels and a width of 500 pixels.</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Set the height and width of another &lt;div&gt; element:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  height: 100px;
  width: 500px;
  background-color: powderblue;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;Remember that the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">height</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;properties do not include padding, borders, or margins! They set the height/width of the area inside the padding, border, and margin of the element!</p>
<h2>Setting max-width</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">max-width</code>&nbsp;property is used to set the maximum width of an element.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">max-width</code>&nbsp;can be specified in&nbsp;<em>length values</em>, like px, cm, etc., or in percent (%) of the containing block, or set to none (this is default. Means that there is no maximum width).</p>
<p>The problem with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">&lt;div&gt;</code>&nbsp;above occurs when the browser window is smaller than the width of the element (500px). The browser then adds a horizontal scrollbar to the page.</p>
<p>Using&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">max-width</code>&nbsp;instead, in this situation, will improve the browser's handling of small windows.</p>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;Drag the browser window to smaller than 500px wide, to see the difference between the two divs!</p>
<div style="background: lightblue; height: 100px; max-width: 500px;">This element has a height of 100 pixels and a max-width of 500 pixels.</div>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;If you for some reason use both the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;property and the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">max-width</code>&nbsp;property on the same element, and the value of the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;property is larger than the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">max-width</code>&nbsp;property; the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">max-width</code>&nbsp;property will be used (and the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">width</code>&nbsp;property will be ignored).</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>This &lt;div&gt; element has a height of 100 pixels and a max-width of 500 pixels:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  max-width: 500px;
  height: 100px;
  background-color: powderblue;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>

CSS Height & Width

<p class="intro">All HTML elements can be considered as boxes.</p>
<h2>The CSS Box Model</h2>
<p>In CSS, the term "box model" is used when talking about design and layout.</p>
<p>The CSS box model is essentially a box that wraps around every HTML element. It consists of: content, padding, borders and margins. The image below illustrates the box model:</p>
<div class="w3-boxmodel">
<div class="margin">
<div class="border w3-theme">
<div class="padding">
<div class="content"><img src="https://iq.opengenus.org/content/images/2020/03/css_box_model.png" alt="" width="377" height="340"></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p>Explanation of the different parts:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Content</strong>&nbsp;- The content of the box, where text and images appear</li>
<li><strong>Padding</strong>&nbsp;- Clears an area around the content. The padding is transparent</li>
<li><strong>Border</strong>&nbsp;- A border that goes around the padding and content</li>
<li><strong>Margin</strong>&nbsp;- Clears an area outside the border. The margin is transparent</li>
</ul>
<p>The box model allows us to add a border around elements, and to define space between elements.&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Demonstration of the box model:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  width: 300px;
  border: 15px solid green;
  padding: 50px;
  margin: 20px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Width and Height of an Element</h2>
<p>In order to set the width and height of an element correctly in all browsers, you need to know how the box model works.</p>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Important:</strong>&nbsp;When you set the width and height properties of an element with CSS, you just set the width and height of the&nbsp;<strong>content area</strong>. To calculate the total width and height of an element, you must also include the padding and borders.</p>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>This &lt;div&gt; element will have a total width of 350px and a total height of 80px:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  width: 320px;
  height: 50px;
  padding: 10px;
  border: 5px solid gray;
  margin: 0;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Here is the calculation:</p>
<div class="w3-leftbar w3-border w3-padding w3-theme-border">&nbsp;&nbsp;320px (width of content area)<br>+ 20px (left padding + right padding)<br>+ 10px (left border + right border)<br><strong>= 350px (total width)</strong><br><br>&nbsp;&nbsp;50px (height of content area)<br>+ 20px (top padding + bottom padding)<br>+ 10px (top border + bottom border)<br><strong>= 80px (total height)</strong></div>
<p>The total width of an element should be calculated like this:</p>
<p>Total element width = width + left padding + right padding + left border + right border</p>
<p>The total height of an element should be calculated like this:</p>
<p>Total element height = height + top padding + bottom padding + top border + bottom border</p>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;The margin property also affects the total space that the box will take up on the page, but the margin is not included in the actual size of the box. The box's total width and height stops at the border.</p>
</div>

CSS Box Modal

<p class="intro">CSS has a lot of properties for formatting text.</p>
<h2>Text Color</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">color</code>&nbsp;property is used to set the color of the text. The color is specified by:</p>
<ul>
<li>a color name - like "red"</li>
<li>a HEX value - like "#ff0000"</li>
<li>an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"</li>
</ul>
<p>The default text color for a page is defined in the body selector.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  color: blue;
}

h1 {
  color: green;
}</code></pre>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<h2>Text Color and Background Color</h2>
<p>In this example, we define both the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">background-color</code>&nbsp;property and the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">color</code>&nbsp;property:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>body {
  background-color: lightgrey;
  color: blue;
}

h1 {
  background-color: black;
  color: white;
}

div {
  background-color: blue;
  color: white;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<strong>Important:</strong>&nbsp;High contrast is very important for people with vision problems. So, always ensure that the contrast between the text color and the background color (or background image) is good!</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h2>Text Alignment and Text Direction</h2>
<p>In this chapter you will learn about the following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-align</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-align-last</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">direction</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">unicode-bidi</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">vertical-align</code></li>
</ul>
<h2>Text Alignment</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-align</code>&nbsp;property is used to set the horizontal alignment of a text.</p>
<p>A text can be left or right aligned, centered, or justified.</p>
<p>The following example shows center aligned, and left and right aligned text (left alignment is default if text direction is left-to-right, and right alignment is default if text direction is right-to-left):</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>h1 {
  text-align: center;
}

h2 {
  text-align: left;
}

h3 {
  text-align: right;
}</code></pre>
</div>
When the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-align</code>&nbsp;property is set to "justify", each line is stretched so that every line has equal width, and the left and right margins are straight (like in magazines and newspapers):</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>div {
  text-align: justify;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<h2>Text Align Last</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-align-last</code>&nbsp;property specifies how to align the last line of a text.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Align the last line of text in three &lt;p&gt; elements:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p.a {
  text-align-last: right;
}

p.b {
  text-align-last: center;
}

p.c {
  text-align-last: justify;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<br>
<h2>Text Direction</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">direction</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">unicode-bidi</code>&nbsp;properties can be used to change the text direction of an element:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p {
  direction: rtl;
  unicode-bidi: bidi-override;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Vertical Alignment</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">vertical-align</code>&nbsp;property sets the vertical alignment of an element.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Set the vertical alignment of an image in a text:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>img.a {
  vertical-align: baseline;
}

img.b {
  vertical-align: text-top;
}

img.c {
  vertical-align: text-bottom;
}

img.d {
  vertical-align: sub;
}

img.e {
  vertical-align: super;
}</code></pre>
<h2>Text Decoration</h2>
<p>In this chapter you will learn about the following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-line</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-color</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-style</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-thickness</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration</code></li>
</ul>
<h2>Add a Decoration Line to Text</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-line</code>&nbsp;property is used to add a decoration line to text.</p>
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;You can combine more than one value, like overline and underline to display lines both over and under a text.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>h1 {
  text-decoration-line: overline;
}

h2 {
  text-decoration-line: line-through;
}

h3 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
}

p {
  text-decoration-line: overline underline;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;It is not recommended to underline text that is not a link, as this often confuses the reader.</p>
</div>
<h2>Specify a Color for the Decoration Line</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-color</code>&nbsp;property is used to set the color of the decoration line.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>h1 {
  text-decoration-line: overline;
  text-decoration-color: red;
}

h2 {
  text-decoration-line: line-through;
  text-decoration-color: blue;
}

h3 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-color: green;
}

p {
  text-decoration-line: overline underline;
  text-decoration-color: purple;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div id="midcontentadcontainer">
<div id="adngin-mid_content-0"></div>
</div>
<hr>
<h2>Specify a Style for the Decoration Line</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-style</code>&nbsp;property is used to set the style of the decoration line.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>h1 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-style: solid;
}

h2 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-style: double;
}

h3 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-style: dotted;
}

p.ex1 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-style: dashed;
}

p.ex2 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-style: wavy;
}

p.ex3 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-color: red;
  text-decoration-style: wavy;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Specify the Thickness for the Decoration Line</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-thickness</code>&nbsp;property is used to set the thickness of the decoration line.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>h1 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: auto;
}

h2 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 5px;
}

h3 {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-thickness: 25%;
}

p {
  text-decoration-line: underline;
  text-decoration-color: red;
  text-decoration-style: double;
  text-decoration-thickness: 5px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>The Shorthand Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-line</code>&nbsp;(required)</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-color</code>&nbsp;(optional)</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-style</code>&nbsp;(optional)</li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration-thickness</code>&nbsp;(optional)</li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>h1 {
  text-decoration: underline;
}

h2 {
  text-decoration: underline red;
}

h3 {
  text-decoration: underline red double;
}

p {
  text-decoration: underline red double 5px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>A Small Tip</h2>
<p>All links in HTML are underlined by default. Sometimes you see that links are styled with no underline. The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-decoration: none;</code>&nbsp;is used to remove the underline from links, like this:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>a {
  text-decoration: none;
}</code></pre>
<h2>Text Transformation</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">text-transform</code>&nbsp;property is used to specify uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.</p>
<p>It can be used to turn everything into uppercase or lowercase letters, or capitalize the first letter of each word:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>p.uppercase {
  text-transform: uppercase;
}

p.lowercase {
  text-transform: lowercase;
}

p.capitalize {
  text-transform: capitalize;
}</code></pre>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

CSS Text

CSS Basics

<h2>CSS Variables</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">var()</code>&nbsp;function is used to insert the value of a CSS variable.</p>
<p>CSS variables have access to the DOM, which means that you can create variables with local or global scope, change the variables with JavaScript, and change the variables based on media queries.</p>
<p>A good way to use CSS variables is when it comes to the colors of your design. Instead of copy and paste the same colors over and over again, you can place them in variables.</p>
<h2>The Traditional Way</h2>
<p>The following example shows the traditional way of defining some colors in a style sheet (by defining the colors to use, for each specific element):</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>body { background-color: #1e90ff; }

h2 { border-bottom: 2px solid #1e90ff; }

.container {
  color: #1e90ff;
  background-color: #ffffff;
  padding: 15px;
}

button {
  background-color: #ffffff;
  color: #1e90ff;
  border: 1px solid #1e90ff;
  padding: 5px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>Syntax of the var() Function</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">var()</code>&nbsp;function is used to insert the value of a CSS variable.</p>
<p>The syntax of the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">var()</code>&nbsp;function is as follows:</p>
<div class="w3-code w3-border notranslate">
<div style="border: 1px solid gray; padding: 5px 10px; margin-bottom: 10px;">var(--<em>name, value</em>)</div>
</div>
<table class="ws-table-all notranslate">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Value</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>name</em></td>
<td>Required. The variable name (must start with two dashes)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><em>value</em></td>
<td>Optional. The fallback value (used if the variable is not found)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;The variable name must begin with two dashes (--) and it is case sensitive!</p>
<h2>How var() Works</h2>
<p>First of all: CSS variables can have a global or local scope.</p>
<p>Global variables can be accessed/used through the entire document, while local variables can be used only inside the selector where it is declared.</p>
<p>To create a variable with global scope, declare it inside the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">:root</code>&nbsp;selector. The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">:root</code>&nbsp;selector matches the document's root element.</p>
<p>To create a variable with local scope, declare it inside the selector that is going to use it.</p>
<p>The following example is equal to the example above, but here we use the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">var()</code>&nbsp;function.</p>
<p>First, we declare two global variables (--blue and --white). Then, we use the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">var()</code>&nbsp;function to insert the value of the variables later in the style sheet:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>:root {
  --blue: #1e90ff;
  --white: #ffffff;
}

body { background-color: var(--blue); }

h2 { border-bottom: 2px solid var(--blue); }

.container {
  color: var(--blue);
  background-color: var(--white);
  padding: 15px;
}

button {
  background-color: var(--white);
  color: var(--blue);
  border: 1px solid var(--blue);
  padding: 5px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>Advantages of using var() are:</p>
<ul>
<li>makes the code easier to read (more understandable)</li>
<li>makes it much easier to change the color values</li>
</ul>
<p>To change the blue and white color to a softer blue and white, you just need to change the two variable values:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>:root {
  --blue: #6495ed;
  --white: #faf0e6;
}

body { background-color: var(--blue); }

h2 { border-bottom: 2px solid var(--blue); }

.container {
  color: var(--blue);
  background-color: var(--white);
  padding: 15px;
}

button {
  background-color: var(--white);
  color: var(--blue);
  border: 1px solid var(--blue);
  padding: 5px;
}</code></pre>
<h2>Override Global Variable With Local Variable</h2>
<p>From the previous page we have learned that global variables can be accessed/used through the entire document, while local variables can be used only inside the selector where it is declared.</p>
<p>Look at the example from the previous page:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>:root {
  --blue: #1e90ff;
  --white: #ffffff;
}

body {
  background-color: var(--blue);
}

h2 {
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--blue);
}

.container {
  color: var(--blue);
  background-color: var(--white);
  padding: 15px;
}

button {
  background-color: var(--white);
  color: var(--blue);
  border: 1px solid var(--blue);
  padding: 5px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Sometimes we want the variables to change only in a specific section of the page.</p>
<p>Assume we want a different color of blue for button elements. Then, we can re-declare the --blue variable inside the button selector. When we use var(--blue) inside this selector, it will use the local --blue variable value declared here.</p>
<p>We see that the local --blue variable will override the global --blue variable for the button elements:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>:root {
  --blue: #1e90ff;
  --white: #ffffff;
}

body {
  background-color: var(--blue);
}

h2 {
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--blue);
}

.container {
  color: var(--blue);
  background-color: var(--white);
  padding: 15px;
}

button {
  --blue: #0000ff; /* local variable will override global */
  background-color: var(--white);
  color: var(--blue);
  border: 1px solid var(--blue);
  padding: 5px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Add a New Local Variable</h2>
<p>If a variable is to be used at only one single place, we could also have declared a new local variable, like this:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>:root {
  --blue: #1e90ff;
  --white: #ffffff;
}

body {
  background-color: var(--blue);
}

h2 {
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--blue);
}

.container {
  color: var(--blue);
  background-color: var(--white);
  padding: 15px;
}

button {
  --button-blue: #0000ff; /* new local variable */
  background-color: var(--white);
  color: var(--button-blue);
  border: 1px solid var(--button-blue);
  padding: 5px;
}</code></pre>
<h2>Using Variables in Media Queries</h2>
<p>Now we want to change a variable value inside a media query.</p>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Tip:</strong>&nbsp;Media Queries are about defining different style rules for different devices (screens, tablets, mobile phones, etc.). You can learn more Media Queries in our&nbsp;Media Queries Chapter.</p>
</div>
<p>Here, we first declare a new local variable named --fontsize for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">.container</code>&nbsp;class. We set its value to 25 pixels. Then we use it in the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">.container</code>&nbsp;class further down. Then, we create a&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">@media</code>&nbsp;rule that says "When the browser's width is 450px or wider, change the --fontsize variable value of the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">.container</code>&nbsp;class to 50px."</p>
<p>Here is the complete example:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>/* Variable declarations */
:root {
  --blue: #1e90ff;
  --white: #ffffff;
}

.container {
  --fontsize: 25px;
}

/* Styles */
body {
  background-color: var(--blue);
}

h2 {
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--blue);
}

.container {
  color: var(--blue);
  background-color: var(--white);
  padding: 15px;
  font-size: var(--fontsize);
}

@media screen and (min-width: 450px) {
  .container {
    --fontsize: 50px;
  }
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
Here is another example where we also change the value of the --blue variable in the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">@media</code>&nbsp;rule:
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>/* Variable declarations */
:root {
  --blue: #1e90ff;
  --white: #ffffff;
}

.container {
  --fontsize: 25px;
}

/* Styles */
body {
  background-color: var(--blue);
}

h2 {
  border-bottom: 2px solid var(--blue);
}

.container {
  color: var(--blue);
  background-color: var(--white);
  padding: 15px;
  font-size: var(--fontsize);
}

@media screen and (min-width: 450px) {
  .container {
    --fontsize: 50px;
  }
   :root {
    --blue: lightblue;
  }
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

CSS Variables

<h2>CSS Media Queries</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">@media</code>&nbsp;rule, introduced in CSS2, made it possible to define different style rules for different media types.</p>
<p>Media queries in CSS3 extended the CSS2 media types idea: Instead of looking for a type of device, they look at the capability of the device.</p>
<p>Media queries can be used to check many things, such as:</p>
<ul>
<li>width and height of the viewport</li>
<li>orientation of the viewport (landscape or portrait)</li>
<li>resolution</li>
</ul>
<p>Using media queries are a popular technique for delivering a tailored style sheet to desktops, laptops, tablets, and mobile phones (such as iPhone and Android phones).</p>
<h2>CSS Media Types</h2>
<table class="ws-table-all notranslate">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Value</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>all</td>
<td>Used for all media type devices</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>print</td>
<td>Used for print preview mode</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>screen</td>
<td>Used for computer screens, tablets, smart-phones etc.</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>CSS Common Media Features</h2>
<p>Here are some commonly used media features:</p>
<table class="ws-table-all notranslate">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Value</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>orientation</td>
<td>Orientation of the viewport. Landscape or portrait</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>max-height</td>
<td>Maximum height of the viewport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>min-height</td>
<td>Minimum height of the viewport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>height</td>
<td>Height of the viewport (including scrollbar)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>max-width</td>
<td>Maximum width of the viewport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>min-width</td>
<td>Minimum width of the viewport</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>width</td>
<td>Width of the viewport (including scrollbar)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>Media Query Syntax</h2>
<p>A media query consists of a media type and can contain one or more media features, which resolve to either true or false.</p>
<div class="w3-code w3-border notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>@media not|only mediatype and (media feature) and (media feature) {
  CSS-Code;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<p>The&nbsp;<em>mediatype</em>&nbsp;is optional (if omitted, it will be set to all). However, if you use&nbsp;<strong>not</strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>only</strong>, you must also specify a&nbsp;<em>mediatype</em>.</p>
<p>The result of the query is true if the specified media type matches the type of device the document is being displayed on and all media features in the media query are true. When a media query is true, the corresponding style sheet or style rules are applied, following the normal cascading rules.</p>
<div class="w3-note w3-panel">
<p>Meaning of the&nbsp;<strong>not</strong>,&nbsp;<strong>only,</strong>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<strong>and</strong>&nbsp;keywords:</p>
<p><strong>not:</strong>&nbsp;This keyword inverts the meaning of an entire media query.</p>
<p><strong>only:</strong>&nbsp;This keyword prevents older browsers that do not support media queries from applying the specified styles.&nbsp;<strong>It has no effect on modern browsers.</strong></p>
<p><strong>and:</strong>&nbsp;This keyword combines a media type and one or more media features.</p>
</div>
<p>You can also link to different stylesheets for different media and different widths of the browser window (viewport):</p>
<div class="w3-code w3-border notranslate htmlHigh">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="print.css"&gt;
&lt;link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="screen.css"&gt;
&lt;link rel="stylesheet" media="screen and (min-width: 480px)" href="example1.css"&gt;
&lt;link rel="stylesheet" media="screen and (min-width: 701px) and (max-width: 900px)" href="example2.css"&gt;
&lt;!-- etc.... --&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>Media Queries Simple Examples</h2>
<p>One way to use media queries is to have an alternate CSS section right inside your style sheet.</p>
<p>The following example changes the background-color to lightgreen if the viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than 480 pixels, the background-color will be pink):</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>@media screen and (min-width: 480px) {
  body {
    background-color: lightgreen;
  }
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>The following example shows a menu that will float to the left of the page if the viewport is 480 pixels wide or wider (if the viewport is less than 480 pixels, the menu will be on top of the content):</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>@media screen and (min-width: 480px) {
  #leftsidebar {width: 200px; float: left;}
  #main {margin-left: 216px;}
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>

CSS Media Queries

<h2>CSS Flexbox Layout Module</h2>
<p>Before the Flexbox Layout module, there were four layout modes:</p>
<ul>
<li>Block, for sections in a webpage</li>
<li>Inline, for text</li>
<li>Table, for two-dimensional table data</li>
<li>Positioned, for explicit position of an element</li>
</ul>
<p>The Flexible Box Layout Module, makes it easier to design flexible responsive layout structure without using float or positioning.</p>
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html&gt;
&lt;head&gt;
&lt;style&gt;
.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
  background-color: DodgerBlue;
}

.flex-container &gt; div {
  background-color: #f1f1f1;
  width: 100px;
  margin: 10px;
  text-align: center;
  line-height: 75px;
  font-size: 30px;
}
&lt;/style&gt;
&lt;/head&gt;
&lt;body&gt;
&lt;h1&gt;Flexible Boxes&lt;/h1&gt;

&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;  
  &lt;div&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;5&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;6&lt;/div&gt;  
  &lt;div&gt;7&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;8&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Try to resize the browser window.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;A container with "flex-wrap: nowrap;" will never wrap its items.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Note:&lt;/strong&gt; Flexbox is not supported in Internet Explorer 10 or earlier versions.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Flexbox Elements</h2>
<p>To start using the Flexbox model, you need to first define a flex container.</p>
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>The element above represents a flex container (the blue area) with three flex items.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>A flex container with three flex items:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
</div>

CSS Flexbox

<h2>Parent Element (Container)</h2>
<p>Like we specified in the previous chapter, this is a flex&nbsp;<strong>container&nbsp;</strong>(the blue area) with three flex&nbsp;<strong>items</strong>:</p>
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>The flex container becomes flexible by setting the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">display</code>&nbsp;property to&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex</code>:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
</div>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
}</code></pre>
<p>The flex container properties are:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">flex-direction</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">flex-wrap</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">flex-flow</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">justify-content</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">align-items</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">align-content</code></li>
</ul>
<h2>The flex-direction Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-direction</code>&nbsp;property defines in which direction the container wants to stack the flex items.</p>
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">column</code>&nbsp;value stacks the flex items vertically (from top to bottom):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">column-reverse</code>&nbsp;value stacks the flex items vertically (but from bottom to top):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: column-reverse;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">row</code>&nbsp;value stacks the flex items horizontally (from left to right):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">row-reverse</code> value stacks the flex items horizontally (but from right to left):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-direction: row-reverse;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<h2>The flex-wrap Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-wrap</code>&nbsp;property specifies whether the flex items should wrap or not.</p>
<p>The examples below have 12 flex items, to better demonstrate the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-wrap</code>&nbsp;property.</p>
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>7</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>8</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>9</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>10</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>11</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>12</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">wrap</code>&nbsp;value specifies that the flex items will wrap if necessary:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">nowrap</code>&nbsp;value specifies that the flex items will not wrap (this is default):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: nowrap;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">wrap-reverse</code>&nbsp;value specifies that the flexible items will wrap if necessary, in reverse order:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-wrap: wrap-reverse;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>The flex-flow Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-flow</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for setting both the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-direction</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-wrap</code>&nbsp;properties.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  flex-flow: row wrap;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The justify-content Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">justify-content</code>&nbsp;property is used to align the flex items:</p>
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">center</code>&nbsp;value aligns the flex items at the center of the container:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: center;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-start</code>&nbsp;value aligns the flex items at the beginning of the container (this is default):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-start;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-end</code>&nbsp;value aligns the flex items at the end of the container:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: flex-end;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">space-around</code>&nbsp;value displays the flex items with space before, between, and after the lines:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-around;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">space-between</code>&nbsp;value displays the flex items with space between the lines:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  justify-content: space-between;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>The align-items Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-items</code>&nbsp;property is used to align the flex items.</p>
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>In these examples we use a 200 pixels high container, to better demonstrate the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-items</code>&nbsp;property.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">center</code>&nbsp;value aligns the flex items in the middle of the container:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 200px;
  align-items: center;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-start</code>&nbsp;value aligns the flex items at the top of the container:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 200px;
  align-items: flex-start;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-end</code>&nbsp;value aligns the flex items at the bottom of the container:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 200px;
  align-items: flex-end;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">stretch</code>&nbsp;value stretches the flex items to fill the container (this is default):</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 200px;
  align-items: stretch;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">baseline</code>&nbsp;value aligns the flex items such as their baselines aligns:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 200px;
  align-items: baseline;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;the example uses different font-size to demonstrate that the items gets aligned by the text baseline:</p>
<div class="w3-white notranslate w3-padding">
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h6>2</h6>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h3>3</h3>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2"><small>4</small></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<h2>The align-content Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-content</code>&nbsp;property is used to align the flex lines.</p>
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>7</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>8</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>9</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>10</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>11</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item2">
<h1>12</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>In these examples we use a 600 pixels high container, with the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-wrap</code>&nbsp;property set to&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">wrap</code>, to better demonstrate the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-content</code>&nbsp;property.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">space-between</code>&nbsp;value displays the flex lines with equal space between them:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 600px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-content: space-between;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">space-around</code>&nbsp;value displays the flex lines with space before, between, and after them:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 600px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-content: space-around;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">stretch</code>&nbsp;value stretches the flex lines to take up the remaining space (this is default):</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 600px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-content: stretch;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">center</code>&nbsp;value displays the flex lines in the middle of the container:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 600px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-content: center;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-start</code>&nbsp;value displays the flex lines at the start of the container:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 600px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-content: flex-start;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-end</code>&nbsp;value displays the flex lines at the end of the container:&nbsp;</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 600px;
  flex-wrap: wrap;
  align-content: flex-end;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>Perfect Centering</h2>
<p>In the following example we will solve a very common style problem: perfect centering.</p>
<div class="flex-container2">
<div class="flex-item2">&nbsp;</div>
</div>
<p><strong>SOLUTION:</strong>&nbsp;Set both the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">justify-content</code>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-items</code>&nbsp;properties to&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">center</code>, and the flex item will be perfectly centered:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.flex-container {
  display: flex;
  height: 300px;
  justify-content: center;
  align-items: center;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The CSS Flexbox Container Properties</h2>
<p>The following table lists all the CSS Flexbox Container properties:</p>
<table class="ws-table-all notranslate">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>align-content</td>
<td>Modifies the behavior of the flex-wrap property. It is similar to align-items, but instead of aligning flex items, it aligns flex lines</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>align-items</td>
<td>Vertically aligns the flex items when the items do not use all available space on the cross-axis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>display</td>
<td>Specifies the type of box used for an HTML element</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>flex-direction</td>
<td>Specifies the direction of the flexible items inside a flex container</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>flex-flow</td>
<td>A shorthand property for flex-direction and flex-wrap</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>flex-wrap</td>
<td>Specifies whether the flex items should wrap or not, if there is not enough room for them on one flex line</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>justify-content</td>
<td>Horizontally aligns the flex items when the items do not use all available space on the main-axis</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<h2>&nbsp;</h2>

CSS Flex Container

<h2>Child Elements (Items)</h2>
<p>The direct child elements of a flex container automatically becomes flexible (flex) items.</p>
<div class="flex-container3">
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>The element above represents four blue flex items inside a grey flex container.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<p>The flex item properties are:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">order</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">flex-grow</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">flex-shrink</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">flex-basis</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">flex</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">align-self</code></li>
</ul>
<h2>The order Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">order</code>&nbsp;property specifies the order of the flex items.</p>
<div class="flex-container3">
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>The first flex item in the code does not have to appear as the first item in the layout.</p>
<p>The order value must be a number, default value is 0.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<em>order</em>&nbsp;property can change the order of the flex items:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div style="order: 3"&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="order: 2"&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="order: 4"&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="order: 1"&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The flex-grow Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-grow</code>&nbsp;property specifies how much a flex item will grow relative to the rest of the flex items.</p>
<div class="flex-container3">
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>The value must be a number, default value is 0.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make the third flex item grow eight times faster than the other flex items:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div style="flex-grow: 1"&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="flex-grow: 1"&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="flex-grow: 8"&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The flex-shrink Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-shrink</code>&nbsp;property specifies how much a flex item will shrink relative to the rest of the flex items.</p>
<div class="flex-container3">
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>7</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>8</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>9</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>10</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>The value must be a number, default value is 1.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Do not let the third flex item shrink as much as the other flex items:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="flex-shrink: 0"&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;5&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;6&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;7&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;8&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;9&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;10&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The flex-basis Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-basis</code>&nbsp;property specifies the initial length of a flex item.</p>
<div class="flex-container3">
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Set the initial length of the third flex item to 200 pixels:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="flex-basis: 200px"&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>The flex Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-grow</code>,&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-shrink</code>, and&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">flex-basis</code>&nbsp;properties.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make the third flex item not growable (0), not shrinkable (0), and with an initial length of 200 pixels:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="flex: 0 0 200px"&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>The align-self Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-self</code>&nbsp;property specifies the alignment for the selected item inside the flexible container.</p>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-self&nbsp;</code>property overrides the default alignment set by the container's&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-items</code>&nbsp;property.</p>
<div class="flex-container3">
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div class="flex-item3">
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>In these examples we use a 200 pixels high container, to better demonstrate the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-self</code>&nbsp;property:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Align the third flex item in the middle of the container:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="align-self: center"&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Align the second flex item at the top of the container, and the third flex item at the bottom of the container:</p>
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="flex-container"&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="align-self: flex-start"&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div style="align-self: flex-end"&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The CSS Flexbox Items Properties</h2>
<p>The following table lists all the CSS Flexbox Items properties:</p>
<table class="ws-table-all notranslate">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>align-self</td>
<td>Specifies the alignment for a flex item (overrides the flex container's align-items property)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>flex</td>
<td>A shorthand property for the flex-grow, flex-shrink, and the flex-basis properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>flex-basis</td>
<td>Specifies the initial length of a flex item</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>flex-grow</td>
<td>Specifies how much a flex item will grow relative to the rest of the flex items inside the same container</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>flex-shrink</td>
<td>Specifies how much a flex item will shrink relative to the rest of the flex items inside the same container</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>order</td>
<td>Specifies the order of the flex items inside the same container</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

CSS Flex Items

<p><img src="https://viget.imgix.net/2-dimensional.jpg?auto=format%2Ccompress&amp;crop=focalpoint&amp;fit=crop&amp;fp-x=0.5&amp;fp-y=0.5&amp;ixlib=php-3.3.1&amp;q=90&amp;w=920&amp;s=df9e3c9cd590a914b12129dcdc4a59c6" alt="" width="920" height="392"></p>
<h2>Grid Layout</h2>
<p>The CSS Grid Layout Module offers a grid-based layout system, with rows and columns, making it easier to design web pages without having to use floats and positioning</p>
<h2>Grid Elements</h2>
<p>A grid layout consists of a parent element, with one or more child elements.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate htmlHigh">
<pre class="language-markup"><code>&lt;div class="grid-container"&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;1&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;2&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;3&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;4&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;5&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;6&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;7&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;8&lt;/div&gt;
  &lt;div class="grid-item"&gt;9&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;</code></pre>
<h2>Display Property</h2>
<p>An HTML element becomes a grid container when its&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">display</code>&nbsp;property is set to&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid</code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">inline-grid</code>.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
}</code></pre>
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: inline-grid;
}</code></pre>
<p>All direct children of the grid container automatically become&nbsp;<em>grid items</em>.</p>
<hr>
<h2>Grid Columns</h2>
<p>The vertical lines of grid items are called&nbsp;<em>columns</em>.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.w3schools.com/css/grid_columns.png"></p>
<hr>
<h2>Grid Rows</h2>
<p>The horizontal lines of grid items are called&nbsp;<em>rows</em>.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.w3schools.com/css/grid_rows.png"></p>
<hr>
<h2>Grid Gaps</h2>
<p>The spaces between each column/row are called&nbsp;<em>gaps</em>.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.w3schools.com/css/grid_gaps.png"></p>
<p>You can adjust the gap size by using one of the following properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">column-gap</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">row-gap</code></li>
<li><code class="w3-codespan">gap</code></li>
</ul>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">column-gap</code>&nbsp;property sets the gap between the columns:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  column-gap: 50px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">row-gap</code>&nbsp;property sets the gap between the rows:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  row-gap: 50px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">gap</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">row-gap</code>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">column-gap</code>&nbsp;properties:</p>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  gap: 50px 100px;
}</code></pre>
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">gap</code>&nbsp;property can also be used to set both the row gap and the column gap in one value:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  gap: 50px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>Grid Lines</h2>
<p>The lines between columns are called&nbsp;<em>column lines</em>.</p>
<p>The lines between rows are called&nbsp;<em>row lines</em>.</p>
<p><img src="https://www.w3schools.com/css/grid_lines.png"></p>
<p>Refer to line numbers when placing a grid item in a grid container:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Place a grid item at column line 1, and let it end on column line 3:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 {
  grid-column-start: 1;
  grid-column-end: 3;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Place a grid item at row line 1, and let it end on row line 3:</p>
</div>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 {
  grid-row-start: 1;
  grid-row-end: 3;
}</code></pre>
<br>
<h2>All CSS Grid Properties</h2>
<table class="ws-table-all notranslate">
<tbody>
<tr>
<th>Property</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>column-gap</td>
<td>Specifies the gap between the columns</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>gap</td>
<td>A shorthand property for the&nbsp;<em>row-gap</em>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<em>column-gap</em>&nbsp;properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid</td>
<td>A shorthand property for the&nbsp;<em>grid-template-rows, grid-template-columns, grid-template-areas, grid-auto-rows, grid-auto-columns</em>, and the&nbsp;<em>grid-auto-flow</em>&nbsp;properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-area</td>
<td>Either specifies a name for the grid item, or this property is a shorthand property for the&nbsp;<em>grid-row-start</em>,&nbsp;<em>grid-column-start</em>,&nbsp;<em>grid-row-end</em>, and&nbsp;<em>grid-column-end</em>&nbsp;properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-auto-columns</td>
<td>Specifies a default column size</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-auto-flow</td>
<td>Specifies how auto-placed items are inserted in the grid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-auto-rows</td>
<td>Specifies a default row size</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-column</td>
<td>A shorthand property for the&nbsp;<em>grid-column-start</em>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<em>grid-column-end</em>&nbsp;properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-column-end</td>
<td>Specifies where to end the grid item</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-column-gap</td>
<td>Specifies the size of the gap between columns</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-column-start</td>
<td>Specifies where to start the grid item</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-gap</td>
<td>A shorthand property for the&nbsp;<em>grid-row-gap</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>grid-column-gap</em>&nbsp;properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-row</td>
<td>A shorthand property for the&nbsp;<em>grid-row-start</em>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<em>grid-row-end</em>&nbsp;properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-row-end</td>
<td>Specifies where to end the grid item</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-row-gap</td>
<td>Specifies the size of the gap between rows</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-row-start</td>
<td>Specifies where to start the grid item</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-template</td>
<td>A shorthand property for the&nbsp;<em>grid-template-rows</em>,&nbsp;<em>grid-template-columns</em>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<em>grid-areas</em>&nbsp;properties</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-template-areas</td>
<td>Specifies how to display columns and rows, using named grid items</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-template-columns</td>
<td>Specifies the size of the columns, and how many columns in a grid layout</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>grid-template-rows</td>
<td>Specifies the size of the rows in a grid layout</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>row-gap</td>
<td>Specifies the gap between the grid rows</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

CSS Grid

<h2>Grid Container</h2>
<p>To make an HTML element behave as a grid container, you have to set the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">display</code>&nbsp;property to&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid</code>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">inline-grid</code>.</p>
<p>Grid containers consist of grid items, placed inside columns and rows.</p>
<h2>The grid-template-columns Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-template-columns</code>&nbsp;property defines the number of columns in your grid layout, and it can define the width of each column.</p>
<p>The value is a space-separated-list, where each value defines the width of the respective column.</p>
<p>If you want your grid layout to contain 4 columns, specify the width of the 4 columns, or "auto" if all columns should have the same width.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make a grid with 4 columns:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: auto auto auto auto;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;If you have more than 4 items in a 4 columns grid, the grid will automatically add a new row to put the items in.</p>
</div>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-template-columns</code>&nbsp;property can also be used to specify the size (width) of the columns.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Set a size for the 4 columns:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-columns: 80px 200px auto 40px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<h2>The grid-template-rows Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-template-rows</code>&nbsp;property defines the height of each row.</p>
<div class="grid-container2">
<div>
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>7</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>8</h1>
</div>
</div>
<p>The value is a space-separated-list, where each value defines the height of the respective row:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  grid-template-rows: 80px 200px;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The justify-content Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">justify-content</code>&nbsp;property is used to align the whole grid inside the container.</p>
<div class="grid-container2">
<div>
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;The grid's total width has to be less than the container's width for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">justify-content</code>&nbsp;property to have any effect.</p>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  justify-content: space-evenly;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  justify-content: space-around;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  justify-content: space-between;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  justify-content: center;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  justify-content: start;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  justify-content: end;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The align-content Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-content</code>&nbsp;property is used to&nbsp;<em>vertically</em>&nbsp;align the whole grid inside the container.</p>
<div class="w3-white notranslate w3-padding">
<div class="grid-container2">
<div>
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;The grid's total height has to be less than the container's height for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">align-content</code>&nbsp;property to have any effect.</p>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  height: 400px;
  align-content: center;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  height: 400px;
  align-content: space-evenly;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  height: 400px;
  align-content: space-around;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  height: 400px;
  align-content: space-between;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  height: 400px;
  align-content: start;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  display: grid;
  height: 400px;
  align-content: end;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>

CSS Grid Container

<h2>Child Elements (Items)</h2>
<p>A grid&nbsp;<em>container</em>&nbsp;contains grid&nbsp;<em>items</em>.</p>
<p>By default, a container has one grid item for each column, in each row, but you can style the grid items so that they will span multiple columns and/or rows.</p>
<h2>The grid-column Property:</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-column</code>&nbsp;property defines on which column(s) to place an item.</p>
<p>You define where the item will start, and where the item will end.</p>
<div class="grid-container2">
<div>
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>7</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>8</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>9</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>10</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>11</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>12</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>13</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>14</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>15</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-column</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-column-start</code>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-column-end</code>&nbsp;properties.</p>
</div>
<p>To place an item, you can refer to&nbsp;<em>line numbers</em>, or use the keyword "span" to define how many columns the item will span.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make "item1" start on column 1 and end before column 5:</p>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 {
  grid-column: 1 / 5;
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make "item1" start on column 1 and span 3 columns:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 {
  grid-column: 1 / span 3;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make "item2" start on column 2 and span 3 columns:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item2 {
  grid-column: 2 / span 3;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>The grid-row Property:</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-row</code>&nbsp;property defines on which row to place an item.</p>
<p>You define where the item will start, and where the item will end.</p>
<div class="grid-container2">
<div>
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>7</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>8</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>9</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>10</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>11</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>12</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>13</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>14</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>15</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>16</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-row</code>&nbsp;property is a shorthand property for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-row-start</code>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-row-end</code>&nbsp;properties.</p>
</div>
<p>To place an item, you can refer to&nbsp;<em>line numbers</em>, or use the keyword "span" to define how many rows the item will span:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make "item1" start on row-line 1 and end on row-line 4:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 {
  grid-row: 1 / 4;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make "item1" start on row 1 and span 2 rows:</p>
</div>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 {
  grid-row: 1 / span 2;
}</code></pre>
<h2>The grid-area Property</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-area</code>&nbsp;property can be used as a shorthand property for the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-row-start</code>,&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-column-start</code>,&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-row-end</code>&nbsp;and the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-column-end</code>&nbsp;properties.</p>
<div class="grid-container2">
<div>
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>7</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>8</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>9</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>10</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>11</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>12</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>13</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>14</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>15</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make "item8" start on row-line 1 and column-line 2, and end on row-line 5 and column line 6:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item8 {
  grid-area: 1 / 2 / 5 / 6;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make "item8" start on row-line 2 and column-line 1, and span 2 rows and 3 columns:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item8 {
  grid-area: 2 / 1 / span 2 / span 3;
}</code></pre>
</div>
<h2>Naming Grid Items</h2>
<p>The&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-area</code>&nbsp;property can also be used to assign names to grid items.</p>
<div class="grid-container2">
<div>
<h3>Header</h3>
</div>
<div>
<h3>Menu</h3>
</div>
<div>
<h3>Main</h3>
</div>
<div>
<h3>Right</h3>
</div>
<div>
<h3>Footer</h3>
</div>
</div>
<p>Named grid items can be referred to by the&nbsp;<code class="w3-codespan">grid-template-areas</code>&nbsp;property of the grid container.</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Item1 gets the name "myArea" and spans all five columns in a five columns grid layout:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 {
  grid-area: myArea;
}
.grid-container {
  grid-template-areas: 'myArea myArea myArea myArea myArea';
}</code></pre>
</div>
<p>Each row is defined by apostrophes (' ')</p>
<p>The columns in each row is defined inside the apostrophes, separated by a space.</p>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p><strong>Note:</strong>&nbsp;A period sign represents a grid item with no name.</p>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Let "myArea" span two columns in a five columns grid layout (period signs represent items with no name):</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 {
  grid-area: myArea;
}
.grid-container {
  grid-template-areas: 'myArea myArea . . .';
}</code></pre>
</div>
<p>To define two rows, define the column of the second row inside another set of apostrophes:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Make "item1" span two columns&nbsp;<em>and</em>&nbsp;two rows:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.grid-container {
  grid-template-areas: 'myArea myArea . . .' 'myArea myArea . . .';
}</code></pre>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<p>Name all items, and make a ready-to-use webpage template:</p>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 { grid-area: header; }
.item2 { grid-area: menu; }
.item3 { grid-area: main; }
.item4 { grid-area: right; }
.item5 { grid-area: footer; }

.grid-container {
  grid-template-areas:
    'header header header header header header'
    'menu main main main right right'
    'menu footer footer footer footer footer';
}</code></pre>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
</div>
<h2>The Order of the Items</h2>
<p>The Grid Layout allows us to position the items anywhere we like.</p>
<div class="w3-panel w3-note">
<p>The first item in the HTML code does not have to appear as the first item in the grid.</p>
</div>
<div class="grid-container2">
<div>
<h1>1</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>2</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>3</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>4</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>5</h1>
</div>
<div>
<h1>6</h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<pre class="language-css"><code>.item1 { grid-area: 1 / 3 / 2 / 4; }
.item2 { grid-area: 2 / 3 / 3 / 4; }
.item3 { grid-area: 1 / 1 / 2 / 2; }
.item4 { grid-area: 1 / 2 / 2 / 3; }
.item5 { grid-area: 2 / 1 / 3 / 2; }
.item6 { grid-area: 2 / 2 / 3 / 3; }</code></pre>
</div>
<p>You can re-arrange the order for certain screen sizes, by using media queries:</p>
<div class="w3-example">
<h3>Example</h3>
<div class="w3-code notranslate cssHigh">
<pre class="language-css"><code>@media only screen and (max-width: 500px) {
  .item1 { grid-area: 1 / span 3 / 2 / 4; }
  .item2 { grid-area: 3 / 3 / 4 / 4; }
  .item3 { grid-area: 2 / 1 / 3 / 2; }
  .item4 { grid-area: 2 / 2 / span 2 / 3; }
  .item5 { grid-area: 3 / 1 / 4 / 2; }
  .item6 { grid-area: 2 / 3 / 3 / 4; }
}</code></pre>
</div>
</div>

HTML & CSS Fundamentals

Introduction

HTML Basics

CSS Basics

CSS Advanced

Introduction to HTML5 & CSS3

Intro

Introduction to HTML

Introduction to CSS